A Research Study On Li s Research - 1592 Words

Li’s research draws similar conclusions about the CLB. He argues that as a result of their research using satellite data to measure the amount of actual farmland lost shows that that policy was quite effective initially with the total area of land being protected from 1995-2000, but was not effective from 2000-2005. They posit that this period of the extensive loss of some of the most productive and quality land coincides with the implementation of many local economic development initiatives by local governments. They go on to argue that the changing role of local governments in regards to the land at the time put officials in conflict of interest as they were charged with the title of local developer and defender of local farmland. Thus even if farmers wanted to keep their land under agricultural production the system of land use rights in China paired with the breakneck speed of development across previously underdeveloped regions makes state acquisition of their land a hi gh priority. While programs like the Cultivated Land Balancing and Payment for Environmental Services regimes have stabilized the China’s food security situation for the time being it could not have predicted the changing and increasing demands on the system. At current levels China will soon outstrip its own ability to produce sufficient food to feed itself. These concerns about China’s ability to meet its own food security needs are strong enough to spur speculation that Chinese investments inShow MoreRelatedAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd ) And Language Impairment Essay981 Words   |  4 PagesDiana Agaronova CSD 318, 26 October 2016 Redmond, S. M. (2016). Language impairment in the Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder context. Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research, 59(1), 133-142. doi:10.1044/2015_jslhr-l-15-0038 The connection between Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and language impairment (LI) in terms of both disorders sharing symptoms has been problematic from a stakeholder standpoint. There are many cases where the symptoms of ADHD are over diagnosedRead MoreQualitative And Quantitative Problem Statements Res 722 Adw Essay689 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿Qualitative and Quantitative Problem Statements Amanda Weber University of Phoenix Qualitative and Quantitative Problem Statements Studies are published to solve a problem in a unique and clever way. Studies manifest from a problem statement. The problem statement is one of the most important aspects of the dissertation. The problem statement illustrates the paradigm and the methods. This paper will disclose one qualitative problem statement and one quantitative problem statement as they relateRead MoreWhy Are Elephants Considered For Cancer Research?766 Words   |  4 Pages Abeggien L, Caulin A, Chan A, Lee K, Robinson R, Campbell M, Kiso W, Schmitt D, Waddell P, Bhaskara S, Jensen S, Maley C, Schiffman J (2015) Potential Mechanisms for Cancer Resistance in Elephants and Comparative Cellular Response to DNA Damage in Humans. JAMA. 314(17):1850-1860.doi:10.1001/jama.2015.13134 Questions 1. Why were elephants considered for cancer research? 2. Why might elephants have evolved to be more resistant to cancers than other mammals? 3. Are there other mammalsRead MoreAlzheimer s Disease And Its Effects On The Lives Of Millions Americans Essay1714 Words   |  7 Pagesrelatively unclear, despite much research. Understanding the mechanisms of these diseases are facilitated by utilizing model organisms to study pathways involved in neurodegenerative diseases. One such model organism is the Caenorhabditis elegans nematode. The C. elegans roundworm has displayed usefulness as a template to study neurodegenerative diseases in humans, including Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease. C. elegans has shown to be a useful model for the study of Alzheimer’s disease. SydneyRead MoreGovernment Funded Research Projects : A Very Early Age, Human Beings, And Dignity Of The Human Subjects946 Words   |  4 Pagesdetails, but only find ourselves with more questions than we began with; research begins when we stop asking why and begin looking for how. However, in the U.S, it has become increasingly difficult to conduct certain types of research, specifically studies on other human beings, based on the seemingly concrete code of ethics that are upheld by the Institutional Reviews Board (IRB). The IRB reviews all government-funded research projects, as well as those conducted by university faculty, in orderRead MoreA Brief Note On Cyberbullying And Its Effects On Society1085 Words   |  5 Pagespersonal information about the victim using impersonation. The bully then publicizes that information with the aim of humiliating the victim. There is also cyberstalking, which involves following the victim online in an unjustified way (Beran and Li, 2005; Li, 2005). Dueck (2006) also adds cyberostracism to the list. This is where a victim is ostracized online to humiliate him or her. 2.4 Causes and Effects Dueck (2006), Shariff and Hoffman (2007), Wiseman (2011), WG3 COST Action IS0801 (2012) outlineRead MoreLithium Ion Batteries And Its Effects1738 Words   |  7 Pagesintroduced commercially during the early 1990’s as the desire for smaller and more lightweight rechargeable batteries grew with the increased demand for the improvement of portable electronic devices (Yoshino, 2012). Prior to this there were commercially available rechargeable batteries already on the market, predominately in the form of lead-acid (PbA), Nickel-Cadmium (NiC) and Nickel Metal-hydride (NiMH) batteries. The development of the Lithium ion (Li-ion) battery began due to the knowledge of lithium’sRead MoreHuman Migration Through Bottlenecks From Southeast Asia1218 Words   |  5 Pageslooking at the Y chromosome from the male to trace changes in human DNA due to mutation by migratory events. The authors of this article are Cai Xiaoyun, Qin Zhendong, Wen Bo, Xu Shuhua, Wang Yi, Lu Yan, Wei Lanh ai, Wang Chuanchao, Li Shilin, Huang Xingqiu, Jin Li and Li Hui. These authors explained which population from the Southeast Asian migrated to East Asian first. By zooming in and looking at small DNA fragments known as short tandem repeats (STR) found in each haplogroups population, the ageRead MoreOn The Acquisition And Nature Of Morality1662 Words   |  7 Pagesmethods that take morality attainment processes into account. An explanation of such processes is linked with the attributes of moral decision-making. In pursuit of potential superior teaching methods, contributors to the article consider a host of research findings as well as considering, more specifically, a group of differentials between conceptual and informational characteristics fundamental to social as well as moral decisions. In the article, we are first presented in the form of a story aboutRead MoreThe Simple Assembly Line Balancing Problem1021 Words   |  5 PagesPastor and Laia Ferrer in IOC Research Institute, Technical University of Catalonia, Avenue Diagonal 647, (edif. ETSEIB), p. 11, 08028, Barcelona, Spain (Received 20 July 2007; final version received 26 September 2007) International Journal of Production Research Vol. 47, No. 11, 1 June 2009, 2943–2959 Reviewed by Shiddarth Pitchai IME 550- CRN 17747: Operations Research Professor Ismet Esra Buyuktahtakin December 3, 2014 Note: This paper for study purpose only. Introduction

Native American Tribes in Virginia and Powhatan the Powhatan Free Essays

string(70) " to the group by choice or perhaps by coercion or even greater force\." The Powhatan (also spelled Powatan and Powhaten), is the name of a Virginia Indian[1] tribe. It is also the name of a powerful group of tribes which they dominated. It is estimated that there were about 14,000-21,000 of these native Powhatan people in eastern Virginia when the English settled Jamestown in 1607. We will write a custom essay sample on Native American Tribes in Virginia and Powhatan the Powhatan or any similar topic only for you Order Now [2] They were also known as Virginia Algonquians, as they spoke an eastern-Algonquian language known as Powhatan. In the late 16th and early 17th centuries, a mamanatowick (paramount chief)[3] named Wahunsunacawh created a powerful organization by affiliating 30 tributary peoples, whose territory was much of eastern Virginia, called Tsenacommacah (â€Å"densely-inhabited Land†),[4] Wahunsunacawh came to be known by the English as â€Å"Chief Powhatan. † Each of the tribes within this organization had its own weroance (chief), but all paid tribute to Chief Powhatan. [5] After Chief Powhatan’s death in 1618, hostilities with colonists escalated under the chiefdom of his brother, Opechancanough, who sought in vain to drive off the encroaching English. His large-scale attacks in 1622 and 1644 met strong reprisals by the English, resulting in the near elimination of the tribe. By 1646 what is called the Powhatan Paramount Chiefdom by modern historians had been largely destroyed. In addition to the ongoing conflicts with the ever-expanding English settlements and their inhabitants, the Powhatan suffered a high death rate due to infectious diseases, maladies introducted to North America by the Europeans to which the Native Americans of the United States had developed no natural immunities. By this time, the leaders of the colony were desperate for labor to develop the land. Almost half of the English and European immigrants arrived as indentured servants. As colonial expansion continued, the colonists imported growing numbers of enslaved Africans for labor. By 1700 the colonies had about 6,000 black slaves, one-twelfth of the population. It was common for black slaves to escape and join the surrounding Powhatan; white servants were also noted to have joined the Indians. Africans and whites worked and lived together; some natives also intermarried with them. After Bacon’s Rebellion in 1676, the colony enslaved Indians for control. In 1691 the House of Burgesses abolished Indian slavery; however, many Powhatan were held in servitude well into the 18th century. [6] In the 21st century, eight Indian tribes are recognized by the state as having ties with the original Powhatan complex chiefdom. [7] The Pamunkey and Mattaponi are the only two peoples who have retained reservation lands from the 17th century. 5] The competing cultures of the Powhatan and English settlers were united temporarily through the marriage of Pocahontas and John Rolfe. Their son Thomas Rolfe was the ancestor of many Virginians; thus, many of the First Families of Virginia have both English and Virginia Indian[1] ancestry. History [edit] Naming and terminology The name â€Å"Powhatan† is believed to have originated as the name of the village or town that Wahunsunacawh came from. The official title Chief Powhatan used by the English is believed to have been derived from the name of this location. Although the specific situs of his home village is unknown, in modern times, the Powhatan Hill neighborhood in the East End portion of the modern-day city of Richmond, Virginia is thought by many to be in the general vicinity of the original village. Tree Hill Farm, which is situated in nearby Henrico County a short distance to the east, is also considered as the possible site. â€Å"Powhatan† was also the name used by the natives to refer to the river where the town sat at the head of navigation. The English colonists chose to name it instead for their own leader, King James I. Many features in the early years of the Virginia Colony were named in honor of the king, as well as his three children, Elizabeth, Henry, and Charles. Although portions of Virginia’s longest river upstream from Columbia were much later named for Queen Anne of Great Britain, in modern times, it is called the James River. It extends from Hampton Roads westerly to the confluence of the Jackson River and Cowpasture River near the town of Clifton Forge. (The Rivanna River, a tributary of the James River, and Fluvanna County, each survive as named in legacy to Queen Anne). However, the only water body in Virginia to retain a name which honors the Powhatan peoples is Powhatan Creek, located in James City County near Williamsburg. Powhatan County and its county seat at Powhatan, Virginia were honorific names established years later, in locations west of the area populated by the Powhatan peoples. The county was formed in may, 1777. [edit] Complex chiefdom Likewise, perhaps more significant misnomers are the terms â€Å"Powhatan Confederacy† and â€Å"Powhatan Confederation. This grouping of tribes is clearly not best-defined in modern terms as a confederacy. That word is generally thought of as a grouping of entities each with greater individual power than the group when united. In many uses, a confederacy is distinctly different in structure from a centralized greater power than the parts, such as the current federal structure of the United States. Many historians attribute to a minor level the failure of the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War in part to the weakness of the central government in comparison to the Union. It is important for a reader to note that most historians do not consider this difference as one of the major weaknesses leading to the Southern loss. However, the term Confederacy has become associated with the principal of states’ rights versus the central U. S. government). Using the word â€Å"confederacy† to define the Powhatan tribes extant in 1607 can therefore, be misleading when seeking to understand these people, their governments and their culture. It is true that the various tribes each held some individual powers locally. Each had a chief known as a weroance (male) or, more rarely, a weroansqua (female), meaning â€Å"commander,† [8]. As of 2010, we do not know to what degree most of the various tribes belonged to the group by choice or perhaps by coercion or even greater force. You read "Native American Tribes in Virginia and Powhatan the Powhatan" in category "Papers" As early as the era of John Smith of Virginia, the individual tribes of this grouping were clearly recognized by the English as falling under the greater authority of the centralized power (whatever it is labeled) led by the chiefdom of Chief Powhatan (c. June 17, 1545 – c. 1618), whose proper name was Wahunsenacawh or (in 17th century English spelling) Wahunsunacock. 9]. At the time of the 1607 English Settlement at Jamestown, he ruled primarily from Werowocomoco, which was located on northern shore of the York River. This location of Werowocomoco, itself only rediscovered in the early 21st century, was very central to l ocations of the various tribes. The improvements discovered during archaeological research at Werowocomoco have reinforced the paramount chiefdom of Chief Powhatan over the other tribes in the power hierarchy. Such issues in other cultures and the definitions are covered at some length by author Robert L. Carneiro in his 1981 work on anthropology, The Chiefdom: Precursor of the State. The Transition to Statehood in the New World. The center of power held by Chief Powhatan (and his several successors) is much more concisely defined as a â€Å"complex chiefdom. † [10] To refer to this complex chiefdom, the term â€Å"Powhatan Paramount Chiefdom† has become favored. Over time, this and other revisions to the knowledge and information available about the Powhatan peoples native to Virginia will undoubtedly be made as research work at Werowocomoco and elsewhere continues in the 21st century. See also: Werowocomoco edit] Chief Powhatan builds his chiefdom Wahunsunacawh had inherited control over just six tribes, but dominated more than thirty by the time the English settlers established their Virginia Colony at Jamestown in 1607. The original six constituent tribes in Wahunsunacock’s group were: the Powhatan (proper), the Arrohateck, the Appamattuck, the Pamunkey, the M attaponi, and the Chiskiack. He added the Kecoughtan to his fold by 1598. Some other affiliated groups included the Youghtanund, Rappahannocks, Moraughtacund, Weyanoak, Paspahegh, Quiyoughcohannock, Warraskoyack, and Nansemond. Yet another closely related tribe in the midst of these others, all speaking the same language, was the Chickahominy, who managed to preserve their autonomy from the Powhatan Paramount Chiefdom. In his famous work Notes on the State of Virginia (1781–82), Thomas Jefferson estimated that the Powhatan Confederacy occupied about 8,000 square miles (20,000 km2) of territory, with a population of about 8,000 people, of whom 2400 were warriors. [11] Later scholars estimated the population of the paramountcy[clarification needed] as 15,000. [edit] The English settlers in the land of the Powhatan John Smith taking the King of Pamunkey prisoner’, a fanciful image of Opechancanough from Smith’s General History of Virginia (1624). The image of Opechancanough is based on a 1585 painting of another native warrior by John White[1] The Powhatan Confederacy were the Indians among whom the English made their first permanent settlement in North America. This contributed to their d ownfall. Conflicts began immediately; the English colonists fired shots as soon as they arrived (due to a bad experience they had with the Spanish prior to their arrival). Within two weeks of the English arrival at Jamestown, deaths had occurred. The settlers had hoped for friendly relations and had planned to trade with the Virginia Indians for food. Captain Christopher Newport led the first English exploration party up the James River in 1607, when he met Parahunt, weroance of the Powhatan proper. The English initially mistook him for the paramount Powhatan (mamanatowick), who was in fact his father, Wahunsunacawh. On a hunting and trade mission on the Chickahominy River in December 1607, Captain John Smith, later president of the colony, was captured by Opechancanough, the younger brother of Wahunsunacawh. Smith became the first Englishman to meet the paramount chief, Powhatan. According to Smith’s account, Pocahontas, Wahunsunacawh’s daughter, prevented her father from executing Smith. Some researchers have asserted that a mock execution was a ritual intended to adopt Smith into the tribe, but other modern writers dispute this interpretation. They point out that nothing is known of 17th-century Powhatan adoption ceremonies. They note that an execution ritual is different from known rites of passage. Other historians, such as Helen Rountree, have questioned whether there was any risk of execution. They note that Smith failed to mention it in his 1608 and 1612 accounts, and only added it to his 1624 memoir, after Pocahontas had become famous. In 1608, Captain Newport realized that Powhatan’s friendship was crucial to the survival of the small Jamestown colony. In the summer of that year, he tried to â€Å"crown† the paramount Chief, with a ceremonial crown, to make him an English â€Å"vassal. [12] They also gave Powhatan many European gifts, such as a pitcher, feather mattress, bed frame, and clothes. The coronation went badly because they asked Powhatan to kneel to receive the crown, which he refused to do. As a powerful leader, Powhatan followed two rules: â€Å"he who keeps his head higher than others ranks higher,† and â€Å"he who puts other people in a vulnerable position, without altering his own stance, ranks higher. † To finish the â€Å"cor onation†, several English had to lean on Powhatan’s shoulders to get him low enough to place the crown on his head, as he was a tall man. Afterwards, the English might have thought that Powhatan had submitted to King James, whereas Powhatan likely thought nothing of the sort. [13] In fact, only by being warned beforehand by a sympathizing servant, was an assassination plot led by braves averted (the British also refused to let the natives take their muskets for â€Å"safekeeping†). [citation needed] After John Smith became president of the colony, he sent a force under Captain Martin to occupy an island in Nansemond territory and drive the inhabitants away. At the same time, he sent another force with Francis West to build a fort at the James River falls. He purchased the nearby fortified Powhatan village (present site of Richmond, Virginia) from Parahunt for some copper and an English servant named Henry Spelman, who wrote a rare firsthand account of the Powhatan ways of life. Smith then renamed the village â€Å"Nonsuch†, and tried to get West’s men to live in it. Both these attempts at settling beyond Jamestown soon failed, due to Powhatan resistance. Smith left Virginia for England in October 1609, never to return, because of an injury sustained in a gunpowder accident. Soon afterward, the English established a second fort, Fort Algernon, in Kecoughtan territory. The Coronation of Powhatan, oil on canvas, John Gadsby Chapman, 1835 In November 1609, Captain John Ratcliffe was invited to Orapakes, Powhatan’s new capital. After he had sailed up the Pamunkey River to trade there, a fight broke out between the colonists and the Powhatan. All of the English ashore were killed, including Ratcliffe, who was tortured by the women of the tribe. Those aboard the pinnace escaped and told the tale at Jamestown. During that next year, the tribe attacked and killed many Jamestown residents. The residents fought back, but only killed twenty. However, arrival at Jamestown of a new Governor, Thomas West, 3rd Baron De La Warr, (Lord Delaware) in June of 1610 signalled the beginning of the First Anglo-Powhatan War. A brief period of peace came only after the capture of Pocahontas, her baptism, and her marriage to tobacco planter John Rolfe in 1614. Within a few years both Powhatan and Pocahontas were dead. The Chief died in Virginia, but Pocahontas died while in England. Meanwhile, the English settlers continued to encroach on Powhatan territory. After Wahunsunacawh’s death, his younger brother, Opitchapam, briefly became chief, followed by their younger brother Opechancanough. In 1622 and 1644 he attacked the English to force them from Powhatan territories. Both these attempts were met with strong reprisals from the English, ultimately resulting in the near destruction of the tribe. The Second Anglo–Powhatan War that followed the 1644 incident ended in 1646, after Royal Governor of Virginia William Berkeley’s forces captured Opechancanough, thought to be between 90 and 100 years old. While a prisoner, Opechancanough was killed, shot in the back by a soldier assigned to guard him. He was succeeded as Weroance by Necotowance, and later by Totopotomoi and by his daughter Cockacoeske. The Treaty of 1646 marked the effective dissolution of the united confederacy, as white colonists were granted an exclusive enclave between the York and Blackwater Rivers. This physically separated the Nansemonds, Weyanokes and Appomattox, who retreated southward, from the other Powhatan tribes then occupying the Middle Peninsula and Northern Neck. While the southern frontier demarcated in 1646 was respected for the remainder of the 17th century, the House of Burgesses lifted the northern one on September 1, 1649. Waves of new immigrants quickly flooded the peninsular region, then known as Chickacoan, and restricted the dwindling tribes to lesser tracts of land that became some of the earliest Indian reservations. In 1665, the House of Burgesses passed stringent laws requiring the Powhatan to accept chiefs appointed by the governor. After the Treaty of Albany in 1684, the Powhatan Confederacy all but vanished. Red line shows boundary between the Virginia Colony and Tributary Indian tribes, as established by the Treaty of 1646. Red dot on river shows Jamestown, capital of Virginia Colony. [edit] Capitals of the Powhatan people The capital village of â€Å"Powhatan† was believed to be in the present-day Powhatan Hill section of the eastern part of Richmond, Virginia, or perhaps nearby in a location which became part of Tree Hill Farm. Another major center of the confederacy about 75 miles (121 km) to the east was called Werowocomoco. It was located near the north bank of the York River in present-day Gloucester County. Werowocomoco was described by the English colonists as only 15 miles (24 km) as the crow flies from Jamestown, but also described as 25 miles (40 km) downstream from present-day West Point, measurements which conflict with each other. In 2003 archaeologists initiated excavations at a site in Gloucester County that have revealed an extensive indigenous settlement from about 1200 (the late Woodland period) through the early Contact period. Work since then has added to their belief that this is the location of Werowocomoco. The site is on a farm bordering n Purtain Bay of the York River, about 12 nautical miles (22 km) from Jamestown. The more than 50 acres (200,000 m2) residential settlement extends up to 1,000 feet (300 m) back from the river. In 2004, researchers excavated two curving ditches of 200 feet (60 m) at the far edge, which were constructed about 1400 CE. In addition to extensive artifacts from hundreds of years of indigenous settlement, researchers have found a variety of trade goods related to the brief interaction of Native Americans and English in the early years of Jamestown. Around 1609, Wahunsunacock shifted his capital from Werowocomoco to Orapakes, located in a swamp at the head of the Chickahominy River, near the modern-day interchange of Interstate 64 and Interstate 295. Sometime between 1611 and 1614, he moved further north to Matchut, in present-day King William County on the north bank of the Pamunkey River, not far from where his brother Opechancanough ruled one of the member tribes at Youghtanund. [edit] Characteristics The Powhatan lived east of the fall line in Tidewater Virginia. They built their houses, called yehakins, by bending saplings and placing woven mats or bark over top of the saplings. They supported themselves primarily by growing crops, especially maize, but they also fished and hunted in the great forest in their area. Villages consisted of a number of related families organized in tribes led by a chief (weroance/werowance or weroansqua if female). They paid tribute to the paramount chief (mamanatowick), Powhatan. [3] According to research by the National Park Service, Powhatan â€Å"men were warriors and hunters, while women were gardeners and gatherers. The English described the men, who ran and walked extensively through the woods in pursuit of enemies or game, as tall and lean and possessed of handsome physiques. The women were shorter, and were strong because of the hours they spent tending crops, pounding corn into meal, gathering nuts, and performing other domestic chores. When the men undertook extended hunts, the women went ahead of them to construct hunting camps. The Powhatan domestic economy depended on the labor of both sexes. † [14] All of Virginia’s natives practiced agriculture. They periodically moved their villages from site to site. Villagers cleared the fields by felling, girdling, or firing trees at the base and then using fire to reduce the slash and stumps. A village became unusable as soil productivity gradually declined and local fish and game were depleted. The inhabitants then moved on. With every change in location, the people used fire to clear new land. They left more cleared land behind. The natives also used fire to maintain extensive areas of open game habitat throughout the East, later called â€Å"barrens† by European colonists. The Powhatan also had rich fishing grounds. Bison had migrated to this area by the early 15th century. [15] [edit] The Powhatan people today [edit] State and federal recognition As of 2010, the state of Virginia has recognized eight Powhatan Indian-descended tribes in Virginia. Collectively, the tribes currently have 3,000-3,500 enrolled as tribal members. [16] It is estimated, however, that 3 to 4 times that number are eligible for tribal membership. [12] Two of these tribes, the Mattaponi and Pamunkey, still retain their reservations from the 17th century and are located in King William County, Virginia. Since the 1990s, the Powhatan Indian tribes which have state recognition, along with the other Virginia Indian tribe which has state recognition, have been seeking federal recognition. It has been a difficult process. They have been hampered by the lack of official records verifying heritage and by the historical misclassification of family members in the 1930s and 1940s, largely a result of Virginia’s state policy of race classification on official documents. After Virginia passed stringent segregation laws in the early 20th century and ultimately the Racial Integrity Act of 1924 which mandated every person who had any African heritage be deemed black, Walter Plecker, the head of Vital Statistics office, directed all state and local registration offices to use only the terms â€Å"white† or â€Å"colored† to denote race on official documents and thereby eliminated all traceable records of Virginia Indians. All state documents, including birth certificates, death certificates, marriage licenses, tax forms and land deeds, thus bear no record of Virginia Indians. Plecker oversaw the Vital Statistics office in the state for several decades, beginning in the early 20th century, and took a personal interest in eliminating traces of Virginia Indians. As a follower of the eugenics movement and, by modern day standards, a white supremacist, Plecker falsely surmised that there were no true Virginia Indians remaining as years of intermarriage has diluted the race. Over his years of service, he conducted a campaign to reclassify all bi-racial and multi-racial individuals as black, believing such persons were fraudulently attempting to claim their race to be Indian or white. The effect of his reclassification has been described by tribal members as â€Å"paper genocide†. Initially, the Virginia tribes’ efforts to gain federal recognition encountered resistance due to federal legislators’ concerns over whether gambling would be established on their lands if recognition were granted, as it would raise federal tax concerns and also casinos are illegal in Virginia. In March 2009, five of the state-recognized Powhatan Indian tribes and the one other state-recognized Virginia Indian tribe introduced a bill to gain federal recognition through an act of Congress. The bill, â€Å"The Thomasina E. Jordan Indian Tribes of Virginia Federal Recognition Act†, included a section forbidding the tribes from opening casinos, even if casinos became legal in Virginia. The House Committee on Natural Resources recommended the bill be considered by the US House of Representatives at the end of April, the House approved the bill on June 3, 2009. The bill was then sent to the Senate’s Committee on Indian Affairs, who recommended it be heard by the Senate as a whole in October. On December 23, 2009, the bill was placed on the Senate Legislative Calendar under general orders, which is where the bill is currently. How to cite Native American Tribes in Virginia and Powhatan the Powhatan, Papers

Presentation Assignment

Question : (1)Identify appropriate information in line with the objectives of the briefing or presentation (2) Prepare a plan for the content of the briefing or presentation Be able to conduct a briefing or presentation (3)Use appropriate presentation techniques and aids to enhance understanding of the topic of briefing or presentation (4)Present information clearly and logically (5)Present information within agreed time limits (6)Respond to questions raised accurately and clearly Be able to evaluate a briefing or presentation (7)Design a simple evaluation form to gather feedback on briefing or presentation (8)Use feedback to identify areas for improvement in presentation skills Answer : Identify appropriate information in line with the objectives of the briefing or presentation In a presentation it must be noted that a certain structure or procedure is essential so as to address the subject in a proper manner. This involves the correct opening of the presentation to firstly get the attention of the people who are to be addressed. There must be a proper welcome process and a firm introduction that states the purpose of the presentation and also how to deal with the questions that would be put forward by the people related to the presentation. The main body of the real presentation entirely depends on the way the introduction is prepared and delivered. It should be well structured, divided up logically with plenty of visuals and graphs that explain the entire presentation. There can be an informative speech that can be used to address the people (D'Arcy, Jan.(1998). The main purpose of an informative speech is to make the audience understand and remember a certain amount of information. It includes two main purpose goals; one is to general purpose and second is a specific purpose. The general purpose is used to inform, give an overall view, to summarize, to give an outline and also to discuss the present situation as to explain how to do something or how to do it. The specific goal is concerned on what the audience has to take away with them after listening to the entire presentation and what they want to do after listening to it and also of what they should remember to take away with them which would make a lasting effect. Prepare a plan for the content of the briefing or presentation Since time is very precious to each individual the decision makers are faced with a number of multiple issues and events that compete for the attention. These issues are faced with more complexes and multi layered in nature that often involve an expanding range of interests. The oral transmission of information, analysis and policy/action recommendations and their rationale through briefings and presentations has never been more important in the operation of government. The effectiveness depends on how well you plan, prepare and deliver your presentation. This effectiveness of any public organization that is responsible for delivering or preparing the briefings or presentations is to meet the needs of the requirements of those public organizations or committees. Thus preparation and planning involves firstly the concept of defining the issues and key messages and then identifying and understanding what exactly the audience need. Then it involves the structuring of the presentation an d focusing on the clarity and the simplicity of the presentation. A good presentation determines the physical set up and also its impact upon the delivery. Therefore a good delivery is concerned with effective voice levels, the speaking style and also the adaption to the audience. The posture and body language also plays a very important role in delivering a good presentation. The use of visual aids can also be considered so that the messages are properly transmitted to the audience. Developing these competencies and associated skills and techniques will enable you to develop and deliver any briefing or presentation with confidence. Be able to conduct a briefing or presentation Use appropriate presentation techniques and aids to enhance understanding of the topic of briefing or presentation They are different techniques involved in delivering a presentation w2hich are the most effective. The first is the use of visual aids instead of words which helps in the chances of increasing the objectives of the presentation. Then it is necessary to keep it short and sweet because too long a presentation could get boring and distract the audiences. A simple technique is that people tend to only remember three things. Work out what the three messages that you want your audience to take away and structure your presentation around them (Robert J. (2004). Use a maximum of three points on a slide. Then practicing is also essential for a good presentation. Many experts say that rehearsal is the biggest single thing that you can do to improve your performance. All the presentations are a type of theatre where anecdotes or telling stories helps to illustrate points. It all helps to make your presentation more effective and memorable. Most people use bullet points as a form of speaker note s. To make your presentation more effective put your speaker notes in your notes and not up on the screen. Present information clearly and logically It is also very important to make a presentation in a clear and simple writing. It focuses on the needs of the reader and also presents the information in a more logical order. This happens by using familiar, simple, everyday words and expressions. This avoids using more of technical language which may intend to mislead the audience at times. So clear language can help the audience understands the presentation more quickly and easily. Hence a presentation does not merely mean standing in front of a crowd with a projector (Tsouras, P. G., ed. (2000). It also could be while you are sitting in an interviewers chair as well. Whenever you are asked to appear in front of one or more people for the purpose of explaining, educating, convincing, or otherwise conveying information to them, you have a presentation. The main purpose of any presentation, written, oral or visual, is communication. To do this effectively, you must state your facts in a simple, concise and interesting manner. Also i t is proven that people learn more readily and retain more information when learning is reinforced by visualization. Therefore simple, clear, concise visual images briskly paced and with attention grabbing graphics will support your spoken words. This leaves your audience with a more positive attitude toward you and your product, service or proposal. The proper use of text images, charts and graphs as well as the correct type of chart or graph to use in various circumstances is also very essential in a presentation. Present information within agreed time limits It is also very important to make a particular time limit for the presentation. It should always be a short and sweet one where the entire message is delivered without setting in boredom in the audience. A good presentation should not exceed more than 15- 20 minutes and the matter should be to the point. It should leave an impact on the audience so that they remember the presentation. Respond to questions raised accurately and clearly The presenter should be also prepared to answer the questions and queries raised by the audiences on the spot regarding the presentation. Hence the presentation should be clearly studied by the person who is presenting it in order to give the answers to the questions raised by the people. Be able to evaluate a briefing or presentation Design a simple evaluation form to gather feedback on briefing or presentation Evaluation form: On a scale of 10 rate the presentation The presentation skills Information provided Statistical data, figures, pictures and visuals. Structure of the presentation Feedback is a good guide on how your work is progressing whether it is written or spoken. It should let you know What you have done well How you can improve or develop the specific assignment How you can achieve successful outcomes over a number of assignments Responding to feedback needs to be timely, but not immediate (Irwin Publishing Inc., Toronto, (1982). Try not to defend your work when the feedback is given. Instead, listen to it and try to build constructively on your assignment, and your skills. The goal is to improve, not debate. Use feedback to identify areas for improvement in presentation skills When your assignment is returned to you with written feedback you must read the feedback carefully try to understand not only the points made, but also the point of view. One must also re-read your assignment to analyze the areas that the feedback covers. Highlight or cross-reference the feedback to your work,or draw attention in the text to corrections and suggestions. They must also pay attention topositiveand negative comments. Think of feedback as you would compliments and suggestions for improvement. References: Bob Best, senior policy research officer Consumer's Association of Canada, Ottawa. Bernice Noblitt, Federated Women's Institutes of Canada, Ottaw. Cecil Bradley, manager of policy research and communications, Ontario Federation of Agriculture, Toronto Don McArthur, Ontario Institute of Agrologists, Guelph D'Arcy, Jan.1998.Technically speaking: a guide for communicatingcomplex informaton. Columbus: Battelle Press, p. 160. Field Manual 5-0, Army Planning and Orders Production. January 2005. Field Manual 6-22, Army Leadership: Competent, Confident, and Agile. 12 October 2006. How Are We Governed in the '80s? Ricker, John, John Saywell, Alan Skeoch. Irwin Publishing Inc., Toronto, 1982. Play From Strength: A Canadian Woman's Guide to Initiating Political Action. Kome, Penny. The Canadian Advisory Council on the Status of Women,1983. Penrose, John M., Raspberry, Robert W., Myers, Robert J. (2004). Business Communication for Managers: An Advanced Approach (5th ed.) South-Western The Structures of Policy-Making in Canada Edited by Doern, Bruce G. and Peter Aucoin. The Macmillan Company of Canada Ltd., Toronto, 1971 Tsouras, P. G., ed. (2000).The Greenhill Book of Military Quotations. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books.