Literal translation Essay

Domestication and foreignization are strategies in translation, regarding the degree to which translators make a text conform to the target culture. Domestication is the strategy of making text closely conform to the culture of the language being translated to, which may involve the loss of information from the source text. Foreignization is the strategy of retaining information from the source text, and involves deliberately breaking the conventions of the target language to preserve its meaning. [1] These strategies have been debated for hundreds of years, but the first person to formulate them in their modern sense was Lawrence Venuti, who introduced them to the field of translation studies in 1995 with his book The Translator’s Invisibility: A History of Translation. [1][2] Venuti’s innovation to the field was his view that the dichotomy between domestication and foreignization was an ideological one; he views foreignization as the ethical choice for translators to make. [1] Theory [edit] In his 1998 book The Scandals of Translation: Towards an Ethics of Difference, Venuti states that â€Å"Domestication and foreignization deal with ‘the question of how much a translation assimilates a foreign text to the translating language and culture, and how much it rather signals the differences of that text'†. According to Lawrence Venuti, every translator should look at the translation process through the prism of culture which refracts the source language cultural norms and it is the translator’s task to convey them, preserving their meaning and their foreignness, to the target-language text. Every step in the translation process—from the selection of foreign texts to the implementation of translation strategies to the editing, reviewing, and reading of translations—is mediated by the diverse cultural values that circulate in the target language. He estimates that the theory and practice of English-language translation has been dominated by submission, by fluent domestication. He strictly criticized the translators who in order to minimize the foreignness of the target text reduce the foreign cultural norms to target-language cultural values. According to Venuti, the domesticating strategy â€Å"violently† erases the cultural values and thus creates a text which as if had been written in the target language and which follows the cultural norms of the target reader. He strongly advocates the foreignization strategy, considering it to be â€Å"an ethnodeviant pressure on [target-language cultural] values to register the linguistic and cultural difference of the foreign text, sending the reader abroad. † Thus an adequate translation would be the one that would highlight the foreignness of the source text and instead of allowing the dominant target culture to assimilate the differences of the source culture, it should rather signal these differences. [3]

Negative Effects Of Fdi In Host Countries Economics Essay

In last decennaries the importance of Foreign Direct Investments ( FDI ) has increased significantly due to globalisation procedure, which offers immense chances for largely developing states to make faster economic growing through trade and investing. FDI assists foreign investors in using their assets and resources more expeditiously every bit good as host states in acquisition of better engineerings and acquiring involved in international production and trade webs ( Athukorala, 2003 ) . Developing states have started to see FDI as a beginning of economic development and modernization, income growing and employment. These states have liberalised their investing governments and followed other policies to pull more FDI. They have attempted to happen the ways of prosecuting those domestic policies that will let them to drive maximal benefits from transnational endeavor presence in the domestic economic system ( OECD, 2002 ) . The purpose of this survey is to analyse the impact of FDI on the economic system of host states. The first portion of the work will be addressed to the relationship between foreign investings and the economic growing of the host states. The survey will reply the inquiry why some states benefit from FDI more than other states, and what these authoritiess should recognize in order to maximise their benefits from the presence of foreign houses. The undermentioned parts will be devoted to more certain issues, such as positive and negative effects of FDI in the host states. Since there is a wide literature on the positive impacts of foreign investings, the chief focal point in this work is emphasized on the negative impacts. The survey shows that although MNEs bring many benefits to host states and the authoritiess are seeking to pull more and more investings, the negative effects of FDI in the economic system of host states should non be neglected. Any indifference to these issues may ensue in negative spillover effects, balance of payment shortages, double economic system, pollution and etc. Brief information about the negative impacts of FDI, particularly, Dutch Disease effects, on the economic system of Azerbaijan is besides given at the terminal of the survey in order to convey a practical illustration. This portion is besides provided with charts for more ocular description of the effects.FDI and Economic GrowthGlobal economic events of past decennaries driven by technological advancements, regional integrating and realignment of economic policies and systems have changed the perceptual experience of host state authoritiess of how FDI can lend to their economic and societal intents. They became more interested in the function of FDI in their states to understand its benefits and costs, and to uncover what should be done by national disposals to see that benefits of FDI influxs to their economic and societal demands will be maximized ( Dunning, 1995 ) .Theory on FDI and growing relationshipIn theory there are contradictory positions about the growing effects of FDI. T he chief principle behind the particular inducements to pull FDI is the belief that they produce outwardnesss in the signifier of engineering transportations and spillovers ( Carkovic and Levine, 2002 ) . Romer ( 1993 ) argues that FDI can ease the transportation of technological and concern know-how to less developed states and heighten the productiveness of all houses in the host state. However, some theories province that foreign investings will damage resource allotment and decelerate the economic growing due to merchandise, monetary value, fiscal and other deformations in less developed states ( Boyd and Smith, 1992 ) . Despite these contradictory theories, some theoretical accounts suggest that FDI will advance the economic development under peculiar policy conditions ( Carkovic and Levine, 2002 ) .Factors of FDI influenceThe extent to which the foreign investing can lend to the economic growing depends on a assortment of factors. One of them is the host state features, called â€Å" absorbent capacity † , – a capableness of the host economic system to profit from technological spillovers from the more industrialised states and the ability to roll up and best utilize engineering and cognition ( Narula and Portelli, 2005 ) . The chief determiner of the â€Å" absorbent capacity † is the quality of establishments, peculiarly, the regulation of jurisprudence and the belongings rights protection. Trade openness, which is a step of the competition degree in the local state, besides positively influences the degree of FDI part to growing. States with more unfastened trade policy have less market deformations, high degree of efficiency and competition which enhance the spillover effects of FDI ( Balasubramanyam et al. , 1996 ) . A trial between FDI and end product growing in 24 states in 1971-1985 old ages conducted by Nair-Reichert and Weinhold ( 2001 ) besides reveals that the grade of state ‘s trade openness had a immense impact on the efficiency of FDI in the host state. The degree of technological edification and human capital stock in the host state is besides one of the chief factors of FDI impact on growing. It has been found that FDI raised the growing in those states that reached a minimal threshold degree of technological edification or the stock of human capital ( Borensztein et al. , 1998 ; Xu, 2000 ) The engineering spread between MNE and domestic houses in the host states is the chief property for the outgrowth of engineering spillovers. A high engineering spread along with a low competition reduces the spillover effects to the host state ( Kokko et al, 1996 ) . Other determiners include economic power, industry, type of FDI, and regional integrating, industry specialisation, market size, R & A ; D, geographical location, FDI policy of host state and etc ( OECD, 2002 ) .Maximization of FDI benefitsIn order to harvest the benefits of FDI authoritiess of host states need to implement some policies, such as betterments of the general macroeconomic and institutional models ; creative activity of a regulative environment that is contributing to FDI influxs ; and upgrading of substructure, engineering and human competencies to the degree where the full possible benefits of foreign corporate presence can be gained ( OECD, 2002 ) . International co-operation might help and reenforce the investment-related attempts of host states since the policy actions recommended above can non easy be pursued by authoritiess – particularly by hapless states – moving entirely ( OECD, 2002 ) . Foreign investors play a important function in engendering economic growing and lending to accomplishment of sustainable development ends. Consequently, the manner MNEs behave and are ruled is of import in maximization of the FDI benefits for economic development. Foreign affiliates must heighten engineering transportation, better human capital direction patterns, and supply transparence and competition. They should besides forbear from seeking freedoms from national environmental, labour and wellness criterions ( OECD, 2002 ) .Positive effects of FDITrade effectsFDI influences economic growing by increasing entire factor productiveness and the efficiency of resource usage in the host state. It increases the capital stock of the host state and therefore raises the end product degrees. The chief trade-related benefit of FDI is that it contributes to the integrating of host states into the planetary economic system by breeding and hiking foreign trade flows every bit good as the consti tution of multinational distribution webs. This, in bend, implies that host states will prosecute a policy of openness to international trade to profit from FDI ( OECD, 2002 ) .Human capital partFDI ‘s part to human capital in host states is important. MNEs addition workplaces, thereby cut down the unemployment in the host state. They normally provide higher rewards and working conditions due to their higher productiveness which is explained by greater technological know-how and modern direction accomplishments that enables them to vie efficaciously in foreign markets. The transportation of technological and managerial know-how through affiliates besides gives rise to direct benefits and increases fight in host states. For illustration, domestic employees can travel from foreign to domestic houses. Local houses might increase their productiveness through larning from foreign houses by coaction. ( OECD, 2008 ) . The presence of MNEs may besides do a utile presentation consequen ce, coercing the authorities to put in instruction more, as the demand for skilled labor by these houses is really high ( OECD, 2002 ) .Spillover effectsMNE ‘s normally possess a higher degree of engineering, particularly â€Å" clean † , which is the chief factor of their higher productiveness. One of the positive effects of FDI is that it generates important technological spillovers in the host states. MNE ‘s normally provide proficient aid, preparation and other information to increase the quality of the providers ‘ merchandises ( OECD, 2002 ) . Local houses might increase their productiveness as a consequence of deriving entree to modern, improved, or cheaper intermediate inputs produced by MNE in upstream sectors. Gross saless of these inputs by MNE might be accompanies by proviso of complementary services which might non be available through imports ( Javorcik, 2004 ) . Local sub-contractors can besides profit from MNE ‘s international contacts, therefore deriving more entree to foreign markets. FDI can besides increase research and development enterprises of local companies ( Tormenting, 1995 ) .Competition degreeFDI exerts a important influence on the competition degree in the host state. The presence of MNEs assists the economic development by exciting the domestic competition and thereby taking to higher productiveness, invention, lower monetary values and more efficient resource allotment ( OECD, 2002 ) .Management and administration practisesFDI through acquisition of local houses result in the alterations in direction and corporate administration. MNEs by and large impose their ain company policies, internal coverage systems and rules of information revelation. This consequence improves the concern environment and develops the corporate efficiency. Furthermore, different instances show that foreign investings besides create a more crystalline environment in the host state as MNEs encourage more unfastened authorities policy, raise corporate transparence and aid in the battle against corruptness. ( OECD, 2002 ) . Since foreign investings supply needful resources to developing states such as capital, engineering, managerial accomplishments, entrepreneurial ability, trade names, and entree to markets, they are of import for these economic systems to industrialise, develop, and make occupations cut downing the poorness degree in their states. Therefore, most developing economic systems recognize the possible value of investings and have liberalized their investing governments and conducted investing publicity activities to pull FDI from developed states ( Athukorala, 2003 ) .Negative effects of FDIHerding out consequence of FDIFDI can hold both herding in and herding out effects in host state economic system. The chief negative consequence of herding out consequence is the monopoly power over the market gained by MNEs. Empirical grounds in that respect is assorted. Econometric trial by Agosin and Mayer ( 2000 ) covering 39 states for a long period ( 1970-1996 ) demonstrated that herding out and herding in was detected in 10 economic systems, but in 19 the consequence was impersonal. Herding out consequence did non be in Asia, but it was rather obvious in Latin America. Another survey of 83 economic systems over the period of 1980-1999 found no impact of FDI on host state for 31, herding out for 29 and herding in for 23 states ( Kumar and Pradhan, 2002 ) . This diverseness might be due to the fact that assorted economic systems attract different types of FDI. Countries that pull largely domestic market-seeking investings will see herding out as the constitution of foreign subordinates consequences in tough competition with domestic houses. But for export-oriented investing, it might be less so ( Bhalla and Ramu, 2005 ) . MNE with lower marginal costs increases production relation to its domestic rival, when amiss competitory houses of the host state face fixed costs of production. In this environment, foreign houses that produce for the domestic market draw demand from local houses, doing them to cut down the production. The productiveness of local houses falls as their fixed costs are spread over a smaller market which forces them to endorse up their mean cost curves. When the productiveness lessening from this demand consequence is big plenty, entire domestic productiveness can decrease even if the MNE transportations engineering or its firm-specific plus to local houses ( Aitken and Harrison, 1999 ) . In general, herding out might take topographic point due to two grounds: 1 ) when domestic houses disappear because of higher efficiency and better merchandise quality of foreign subordinates, and 2 ) when they are wiped out because these foreign affiliates have better entree to fiscal resources and/or engage in anticompetitive patterns. In the first instance, the net impact on public assistance is positive as houses with higher efficiency and better merchandise quality contribute to the economic development of the host state. But in the 2nd instance, there is welfare loss and authoritiess intervene through different channels in order to assist the local houses. For illustration, they might set up or subsidise funding for domestic little and average houses ( Bhalla and Ramu, 2005 ) .Negative pay spilloversWage spillovers of the FDI are considered to be largely positive as workers of MNEs can go forth their workplace and go enterprisers in hereafter, which will increase the fight of d omestic houses. However, it might do negative effects every bit good, particularly, if MNEs hire the best workers due to their high rewards and thereby go forth lower-quality workers at the domestic houses ( Lipsey and Sjoholm, 2004 ) . In response to that domestic houses can increase or copy MNEs ‘ rewards unnaturally to forestall their high-quality employees from altering the workplace in favor of foreign houses. But this action can take to competitiveness lessening of them as MNEs have productiveness advantages over the domestic houses. Gorg and Greenaway ( 2001 ) reviewed six surveies on pay spillovers and reported that three panel surveies of those surveies found negative spillovers, while two cross-sections studied showed positive 1s. One possible ground of the negative consequences in some underdeveloped states is that the spread between MNE and domestic houses is really big for one party to act upon another. Furthermore, the labor markets in some underdeveloped economic systems are excessively segmented for rewards in one party to act upon another ( Lipsey and Sjoholm, 2004 ) .Net income repatriationWhen MNEs make investings in foreign states their chief aim is to maximise their net income. Some advantageous features of these states, such as inexpensive labor force, natural resource copiousness or high quality expertness, let MNEs to heighten their economic public presentation. MNEs on a regular basis repatriate their net incomes from investing to the history of their parent companies in the signifier of divide nds or royalties transferred to stockholders every bit good as the simple transportation of accumulated net incomes. It besides helps them avoid larger revenue enhancements by utilizing transportation monetary values. However, this net income repatriation consequences in immense capital escapes from the host state to the place state and negatively affects the balance of payment of the former. Thus the host states frequently set bounds on the sum of net incomes that MNEs can repatriate in order non to hold balance of payment shortages or reduced foreign exchange militias. Such policy can bring on these MNEs to put net incomes in different undertakings within the host state ( Billet, 1991 ) . But there is besides a possibility that such restrictions might deter MNEs from puting in these states, which will travel FDI to the states with less net income repatriation restrictions. For illustration, a study of main executive officers from 193 American MNEs revealed that about 70 % of them viewed net income repatriation as a chief factor positively actuating the FDI behavior of them ( Kobrin et al ) . One of the biggest FDI receiving systems in the universe, India, permits 100 % net income repatriation for foreign investors in most sectors ( NRI Repatriation ) .Double economic system consequenceFDI, particularly, made in the underdeveloped states can take them to hold a double economic system, which has one developed sector largely owned by foreign houses and developing sector owned by domestic houses. Since the state ‘s economic system becomes excessively dependent on the developed sector, its economic construction alterations. Often this developed sector is the capital- intensive, while another one is labor-intensive. Therefore, double economic system consequence hampers the economic development of states as most of their citizens are located in the non-developed labor-intensive sector. This consequence is seeable in most oil-rich states, where foreign investings made in the oil and gas sector resulted in the resource roar and left the agribusiness and fabrication sectors underdeveloped. That negative consequence of FDI can take to Dutch Disease consequence in natural resource copiousness states. Dutch Disease theoretical account postulates that a resource roar, largely after the immense investings in the sector, diverts state ‘s resources off from activities that are more contributing to growing in long tally. First symptom of this phenomenon is an grasp of the state ‘s exchange rate caused by resource roar, which in bend causes a contraction in the fabrication exports ( Bulte et al, 2003 ) . The flourishing resource sector draws capital and labours off from fabrication, taking its costs to lift ( Neary and new wave Wijnbergen, 1986 ) . The consequence is that the fight of state ‘s non-tradable trade goods rise, while that of tradable – fabrication trade goods falls in the universe markets, cut downing the possible for export-led growing of industries in the long tally. Since fabrication sector is regarded as the chief â€Å" engine of growing † , its diminution causes accordingly a growing diminution in state ‘s economic system in the l ong tally ( Sachs and Warner, 1999 ) . One possible solution to the job is a variegation of the economic system by puting in different sectors.Balance of payment consequenceEmpirical surveies reveal that a bidirectional relationship exists between foreign investings and imports. An addition in FDI influxs from the place state will ensue in an addition in imports in the host state from the place state. It can be due the fact that the MNE purchases inputs from its traditional providers or increased rising prices rate speeded up by foreign capitals in the place state. As more investing flows in, the host state economic system becomes more and more dependent on the production engineering of MNE ‘s place state. The host state will hold to import more inputs and intermediate goods from the MNE ‘s place state, which might restrain the development in the domestic industry. If these investings are non export-oriented, the host state can endure from trade shortages ( Chaisrisawats uk S. and Chaisrisawatsuk W, 2007 ) .Infrastructure development restraintFDI constrains basic substructure development by deviating resources from public investing in substructure. Since FDI is attracted largely to wealthy parts of the host state, the substructure in these parts will necessitate a greater attempt to be improved, particularly striping the poorer parts and the rural parts ( Yamin and Sinkovics, 2009 ) .Environmental issuesA big volume of FDI is concentrated in natural resource sectors of developing and less developed states. Most of these states have a less rigorous or non-existent regulative government. Sometimes states intentionally attempt to relieve or loosen their regulative demands to pull FDI. However, while these states can profit from positive effects of investing, the negative effects of FDI on host state ‘s ecosystems and environment might convey catastrophe in the long tally ( Gray, 2002 ) . The solution to these jobs is to raise host state capacity to modulate and build international environmental criterions. NGO ‘s and other civil society groups from place and host states can besides play a important function in the betterment of authorities ordinances and addition of MNE ‘s duty on environmental issues ( Mabey and McNally, 1998 ) .Other possible negative impactsFDI can do political, societal and cultural agitation and divisiveness in the host states by debut of unaccepChart values, which include advertisement, concern imposts, labour patterns and etc, and by direct intervention of the MNEs in the political government or electoral procedure in the host state ( Dunning, 1995 ) . For illustration, some least developed states with the economic system excessively dependent on powerful transnational endeavors are threatened of fring political sovereignty ( OECD, 2002 ) .Case Study: Dutch Disease effects in AzerbaijanAzerbaijan had had a reasonably developing eco nomic system with a consistent one-year GDP growing above 10 % until 2005. However, after a big sum of FDI ‘s in energy sector, the economic state of affairs critically changed and grew significantly in 2005-2009 old ages due ( Chart 1. GDP of Azerbaijan. Chart 2. GDP growing ) . Its oil and gas grosss fuelled the economic system and promoted a rapid rise in life criterions. But despite this prosperity, some negative impacts of huge foreign investings, particularly, Dutch Disease effects, became seeable over clip. Large capital influxs and grosss shortly demonstrated its impact on high rising prices degree ( Chart 3. Inflation rate ) and the national currency of Azerbaijan – AZN has appreciated against USD Dollar and Pound Sterling, while its value against Euro has been volatile during 2006-2010 old ages ( Chart 4. Currency Exchange ) . As exports increased, the state started to run balance of payment excess ( Chart 5. Balance of Payment ) . The fight of non-tradable trade goods have risen during this period in Azerbaijan. Particularly, oil roar fuelled banking sector, existent estate and building. However, the growing rate of tradable sectors of Azerbaijan was small ( Traveling Dutch ) . Main non-oil exports of the state agribusiness and metals sector have non seen a important growing, intending state ‘s fight is non turning. In fact the state became dependent on oil sector, as it accounts for 90 % of exports and 60 % of GDP part ( Chart 6. GDP composing by sector ) . Current prognosiss predict that the oil roar of Azerbaijan will be comparatively ephemeral and oil production will get down to diminish in 2012, which will hold a prodigious negative impact on the economic system ( Going Dutch ) . Dutch Disease effects have a important impact on the poorness rate of the state. Although life criterions have mostly improved, a high degree of poorness persists, particularly, in rural countries. About 42 % of the rural population live below the poorness line, and 13 % of hapless people live in utmost poorness ( Rural poorness in Azerbaijan ) . Despite the big GDP part of industry sector, chiefly oil and gas sector, laborforce represented by this sector is the least – by 12 % . However, agribusiness with the biggest laborforce business histories for 6 % in GDP part ( Chart 7. Laborforce business by sector. ) . This implies that chief laborforce of the state is located in less competitory and less efficient sector, and the economic system must be diversified and fight of fabrication merchandises, owned by domestic houses, must be increased to minimise the high degree of poorness.DecisionAlthough there are contradictory ideas about the impact of FDI on the economic growing, it is loosely believed that investings positively contribute to the economic development of host states. However, states do non profit from the investings at the same degree. Foreign investings are non advantageous or disadvantageous by themselves. Their part depends on the policy and behavior of host state authoritiess and MNEs. The same foreign investing may convey tonss of benefits to one state, while it might be rather harmful for the other. Therefore, it does non intend that if you get more FDI, your economic system will hike. For illustration, Azerbaijan ‘s economic system grew significantly due to foreign investings, but if the authorities does non diversify the economic system and take steps against the negative effects of FDI, its economic system will be worsened in long term. The rising prices is increasing, non-oil sector is barely turning, and the economic system is going more and more dependent on the oil and gas sector, owned largely by foreign houses. The survey implies that an appropriate policy and bit by bit improved â€Å" absorbent capacity † of authoritiess will minimise the negative effects of FDI and let these economic systems to harvest the benefits of investings at the upper limit.

Development of an integrated marketing communication mix strategy for Essay

Development of an integrated marketing communication mix strategy for an IT brand such as HP or intel planning to enter a new but very competitive market such as Russia or China - Essay Example Shanghai and Beijing have been significantly analyzed in the report as the initial base for the company. Integrated Marketing Communication (UMC) has shown substantial effects on business world especially with respect to the international networks of multinational companies (Gould, Grein, & Lerman, 1999; Kitchen & Schultz, 2003). It has been considered as one of the major developments of communication of the last phase of the 20th century (Kitchen & Schultz, 1999, p.34) and thus most organizations claim it as the key competitive advantage of their marketing strategies. Duncan (2005) defines the terms IMC as a â€Å"collective term for all the various types of planned messages used to build a brand†, marketing communication integrates advertising, public relations, sales promotion, direct marketing, personal selling, packaging, events and sponsorships, and customer service† (Duncan, 2005, p.7). Due to numbers of factors, the significance and recognition of IMC has grown up. These factors include the increasing trends in media fragmentations (Kotler et al. 2005), increasing segmentation of consumer needs (Schwartz, 2001), easy access to consumer database (McGoon, 1999 & Reich, 1998), and the development of a brand’s image-based equity (Schultz 1999 & Wood 1997). Besides application of IMC related to consumers, most of the authors agree that it has significant application to target non-consumer stakeholders as well like employers, investors, and regulators (Belch, 2002). Kitchen (2003) argues that corporate communication and IMC has substantial implications for the cost-effectiveness of particular organizations. Corporate communication targets the stakeholders by applying advertising campaigns, financial relations, and by offering corporate sponsorships (Semenik, 2002), while non-customer stakeholders are targeted to brief

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Globalisation and International Politics - Essay Example Fortunately, the poor countries’ debt relief deal by the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (Rosenberg, 2005, 45), has been one among the significant changes, which have resulted from the strong protests and demonstrations, linked to international political economy. Adding to that, the workability of markets has not been up to the expectations of many key players in the markets. For instance, the past few years have marked significant progress for many nations in terms of progress, while some states have had their development deteriorate. In some cases, the progress in development of some nations has altered within a small margin over the past few years, as the political economies of such state has been affected by globalisation in small extents. All the happenings in the past few years have seen the challenging of institutions, strategies and beliefs. As an example, the functionality of the institutions concerned with the economic governance at the global platform and the development doctrines that are internationally accepted have faced attacks from the western economists (Stiglitz, 2003, 97). At the same time, global issues have pressurised the urge of addressing the big problems that have prevailed in Africa over the past few years. ... The term is mostly associated with the economic aspect, which involves the production of services and goods, and how they are distributed – the progress in reducing the factors that inhibit trade internationally. Such factors often include import quotas, the export fees and tariffs (Sepulchre, Arcak & Teel, 2002, 524). Thus, globalisation defines the process by which national economies integrate increasingly, to global economy. On the other hand, the term ‘political economy’ refers to the study of how goods and services are produced, bought and sold (Amoore, 2000, 72), and how these processes relate with the government, custom and law. These processes also relate with how the wealth and income of a nation are distributed. The term owes its origin to the moral philosophy, and has grown over time to be the study of the states’ economies. Globalisation and the political economy have interconnections to the sense that, in the present world, most issues surround ing globalisation are politically oriented, and thus, globalisation is a major factor in the political economy. Globalisation plays a vital role in shaping the international political economy in a diverse spectrum. Ways in which Globalisation Shapes International Political Economy In the better internalisation of the basic organisation of our societies, the strong interrelation between wealth and power has been a critical factor. For the past few years, the richness in the political economy has been unveiled by international relations. Currently, the international relations are a key issue that explains the operation and evolution of the economy of the present world (Dilip, 2001, 168). The relations often include public policy shaping, the steps taken by regulatory systems and

Antebellum families and women generally(base on the book I list in Essay

Antebellum families and women generally(base on the book I list in details) - Essay Example He notes that the Celias defense questioned the role of the white man as the protector of women within southern society, analyzing the concept of male honor, a key factor of the Souths social system. It highlighted the plight of young female slaves who were sexually manipulated. The case had a major significance in that it created boundaries of slavery in Missouri. Celias story generally portrays a political and legal system that condoned rape and sexual abuse of female slaves in Antebellum families. In the 1800s, slavery became an ingrained economic and legal institution (Williamson and Cain, 1). In Antebellum families, owning slaves was prestigious, a measure of wealth. Bales notes that slaves cost around $40,000 in Antebellum at the time. Robert Newson viewed his slaves as a perfect reward for the years he had spent laboring (McLaurin, 8). Slaves were used and abused by their master, and Newton’s relations with Celia were no different. Newton raped his new slave on their trip home, an indication that he hoped to use her as a sexual tool following his wife’s death (McLaurin 18). Newton employed her as the house cook, a possible cover up of his sexual relations with Celia. She was exposed to continuous sexual exploitation by her master (McLaurin 22) who considered sexual relations with her his privilege (McLaurin 28-29). He granted her favors due to their sexual relationship. She owned her own cabin very close to the family house - a very rare occurrence in Antebe llum America. She bore two children, believed to be fathered by Newton. Slaves were regarded as insignificant. They were powerless and defenseless. Gordon-Reed (p.50) highlights the paradoxical role of sexual relations between masters and slaves, despite the stigma attached to slaves. When George, a fellow slave fell in love with Celia, he was so frustrated that he could not protect Celia from the man who owned them both (McLaurin 25). Slaves were their owners’ property. George and Celia were

History, strength of provisional government Essay Example for Free

History, strength of provisional government Essay How far was the provisional government responsible for its own downfall? During the brief period of rule by The Provisional Government, Russia was troubled by several domestic issues that the provisional Government failed to sufficiently deal with when eventually led to their down fall in 1917. Their failure to fulfil the needs of the peasants, which was a big domestic issue, was a factor that led to their loss of support and in addition their failure to suppress the opposition led to their downfall. The instantaneous cause for their collapse was the fierce take over from the Bolsheviks led by Lenin. However the main factors that led to their downfall was their decision to continue in the war because it has worsened the issues that The Provisional Government failed to tackle which then led to loss of support from the bulk of the population and more importantly the army which they relied upon to defend The Provisional Government such as the July Days. In addition their decision to delay the elections gave the Bolsheviks a chance to take power. As a result, Lenin and the Bolsheviks were able to increase their support rapidly and take over so therefore The Provisional Government can be largely held responsible for their own downfall. Russia’s continuation in the war after the abdication of the tsar was the main reason for the down fall of The Provisional Government because it increased the issues that Russia faced already which worsened their respect and support as it was their decision to do so. As a result of this, they lost support of the army because they were losing in the war as they lost territory, soldiers and unprepared to go to battle. This decreased the soldier’s moral which eventually led to the breakdown of military discipline. This eventually led to radical parties having an increase of support because they were against the continuation of the war such as the Bolsheviks because they promised to end Russia’s involvement in the war. In addition, the continuation of the war meant that the issue of food shortages caused unrest amongst the population towards The Provisional Government. The Provisional Government also had little control over the countryside and also lacked the ability to impose their authority in its outside cities and towns. As a result the peasants took action which therefore undermined The  Provisional Governments authority. Many peasants took land from landowner’s whilst some engaged in violence. The Provisional Government was losing its authority in parts of Russia. The main reason for the lack of control was because The provisional Government lacked in legitimacy and due to this the public turned away and went to more radical parties such as the Bolsheviks. The peasants turned to the Bolsheviks because in the April Thesis, Lenin promised to address the land issue which The Provisional Government failed to do. And due to his, The Provisional Government support decreased and Bolsheviks support increased. The authority of The Provisional Government significantly weakened in June when they launched an attack on the Austro-Hungarian army. This was a utter failure and led to the breakdown of the Russian army. The soldiers leaving the front lines met and formed an Anti-Government rally in which they demanded all political power should be handed to the soviets. Furthermore other troops formed a Provisional Revolutionary Committee to campaign against the government. In addition only the government can be blamed for the events of the â€Å"July Days† because it was them who’s idea it was of the June offensive and therefore as a result, the July Days. By August 1917 Russia seemed on the verge of chaos because peasants were seizing land, industrial production was failing and soldiers were rebelling. Although the Provisional Government had survived, the demonstrations of the July Days brought a fatal blow to the position of The Provisional Government. Kornilov had feared a â€Å"coup d’à ©tat† and released imprisoned Bolsheviks and armed them to help the government. This was a blow as Bolsheviks membership increased and now they were given weapons, they did not give them back. The Kornilov Affair made the Bolsheviks look like the â€Å"defenders of Petrograd† so their numbers increased. As a result of The Provisional Government continuing in the war, opposition towards them grew. They also failed to suppress the opposition which led to opposition (Bolshevik) increase support. The Provisional Government also failed to meet the demands of the public so therefore making them turn to more extreme parties. The Bolsheviks were the biggest threat to the government because of their popularity, aims, guidance and methods. Overall, although The provisional Government had face many problems, it was the Bolsheviks that caused the eventual downfall of the government. It is not wholly The Provisional Governments fault for their own downfall because some of the problems they had inherited and as soon as they came into power they were already un-liked despite them playing a major part in it. The country side was already in chaos so that was not their fault and the April Thesis, Lenin’s speech, they could not be held responsible for that either. On the other hand, The Kornilov Affair, The June Offensive and the domestic issues were their fault as they did not address the issue leading to the radicalisation of the public. The Provisional Government did have a huge part to play in their own downfall because of their decision t continue in the war which enhanced/intensified the present issues.

The Change in Our Relationship with Nature over Time Essay Example for Free

The Change in Our Relationship with Nature over Time Essay The relationship between humans and nature has been interactive, chaotic, and complex. From a many human viewpoints, nature can be considered as both a source of everyday needs, and an adversary, a rather indefinite force which we interact with. Many people today consider themselves a separate entity, existing completely outside, if not above nature, especially in western cultures. Yet, nature was not always perceived as such. Over the centuries, people have thought of nature in a number of different ways, depending on their connection to nature at the time. To fully understand this relationship, one must first define what is meant by nature. Nature, put simply, is the complete physical world. One might also venture further to say nature is what also occurs beyond of any human feats, with a distinction between nature and the artificial. While this line between the natural and synthetic is not always so clear, one could say nature is the original arrangement and order of components of a substance, without mankind’s tampering and interference. Whereas all humans have an agenda of some sort, nature can be considered perhaps the clearest example of indifference. Beginning from humanity’s more primal state, nature was most often viewed as more of an omnipotent presence than anything else, where nature’s indifference bore down upon them the strongest. It brought hunger, disease, and disaster, wreaking havoc on all mankind. Of course there were different reactions to cope with nature’s torments, one being the creation of tools to help increase the chances of survival. However, more often a coping method would involve embodying these elemental powers as celestial forces by representing them with animals or through ritual objects. They could also be personified as gods who could direct these forces however they pleased. When disasters struck, it was due to the actions and offences of humans, so hence they let loose their unbridled anger upon the masses of terrified souls. One could say this is especially true for the Judeo-Christian traditions, where humans are thought to sit at the head of the table over all aspects of natur e, and to help deal with the intimidating character of nature, it is said humans are destined by God to dominate nature. While on the other hand,  many Eastern religions claim nearly the exact opposite: humans are an internal and basic part of nature. This Eastern way of thinking evolved over the years and became a basis for the Romantic/Transcendentalist movements. These two movements reflected people’s feeling of estrangement from nature as a dreadful loss, and they worked to recover what was seen as a broken concord between humans and nature. As a result, they favored the pastoral simplicity of the outdoors to the extensive commotion of the more modern cities. This opinion was expressed by Henry David Thoreau in his essay when he stated â€Å"Our life is frittered away by detail†¦ Simplicity, simplicity, simplicity!† With this statement he tells us that people are too caught up in their own petty, insignificant problems and a fast-paced lifestyle to see the beauty in nature and how communing with it can release men from â€Å"quiet lives of desperation,† enslaving them. Romanticism and Transcendentalism had much more of a sentimental viewpoint of life and unity with nature people, especially of Eastern philosophies, used to have. Eventually this world view dwindled and was overtaken by the manufacturer’s standpoint. Nature was simply a vast expanse of raw materials only waiting to be taken advantage of, according to the more modern businessman. With the usage of both human labor and a little human ingenuity these natural stores could be converted into products for society’s use, precious goods and services to be dispersed within communities everywhere, particularly for the company’s profit. This point of view is nearly the exact opposite of Romanticism and Transcendentalism. One could also say it seems to be a caricature of Ralph Waldo Emerson’s statement â€Å"To speak truly, few adult persons can see nature. Most persons do not see the sun. At least they have a very superficial seeing,† where the entrepreneur’s viewpoint is just that, only taken to a whole new level. Instead of simply being estranged from nature, caught up in their own little lives, they imply that nature is only a collection of decomposing matter and the physical forces controlling it, just waiting to be exploited by humans. This stance tapered away to be exchanged with its radical opposite: Environmentalism. Once people realized the rise in industry and the destruction triggered by it and the potential damage that could be done, they began to condemn what they saw as corporate greed running rampant. Environmentalists generally believed that nature was almost sacred in a sense, and inspiring reverence. Any mistreatment of nature by humans was considered invasive and an offense against its inborn inviolability. Should humans not see their mistakes and fix their lifestyles, humanity shall surely be lost. Finally, the relationship between humans and nature is much more complex and ambiguous than how most perceive it. The notion of nature has other conceptual connotations and meanings to be dealt with and understood. In different time periods this relationship is seen in many different lights, from fear, to mastery, to spiritual connectedness, to near worship. This demonstrates that the differing philosophies show one common theme-the idea that humans share an awkward, disconnected relationship with nature. The reason why is an enigma that with continue to mystify the human race.

The Potential For Professional Misuse Of Power Social Work Essay

The Potential For Professional Misuse Of Power Social Work Essay The focus of attention of this essay is on The potential for professional misuse of power by health care professionals when working with vulnerable groups. The author of this paper will address a number of issues as they relate to the topic question, which includes, describing a vulnerable group nominated for discussion and why they are at possible risk, there for outlining examples of misuse of professional power and putting forward strategies to address situations that arise, offering approaches that prevent the misuse of power from happening in the future and summarising legislation and professional codes of conduct involved with client care of the vulnerable group. The group nominated to illustrate the potential for professional misuse of power is those who live with a mental illness. There are a number of reasons why this particular group has been chosen and they include, the idea and notion of marginalisation, and social stigmas associated with having a mental illness. This hea lth care issue is an issue that crosses all social and economic boundaries and divides society. In days gone by, the views held by many in our communities had been consistent with the notion and idea of out of sight out of mind. Thankfully community attitudes are changing so to health care practices towards the treatment of a mental illness. In spite of these changes there still exists the potential for mistreatment and the misuse of power by some professionals who not only exacerbate the problem of the patient but also bring the profession into disrepute. The following will now discuss as to the reasons why by giving examples of misuse of power that some health care professionals are entrusted with. History teaches us many lessons, the accounts of abuse of mental health clients and patients are many. In describing examples of abuse by care workers the concept of what are boundaries will be discussed. Discussed in the context of what constitutes what is acceptable and what is deemed inappropriate. That is, from the view point of noting the points where medical staff can assert power and to what extent this means in terms of patient rights. Boundaries can be looked at from a number of points of view. For example boundaries can be seen as those sets of rules that establish the grounds by which one engages. For instance boundaries can be established by clearly defined sets of ordered and structured statements that indicate the manner and way in which clients are dealt with. (http://www.nrgpn.org.au/ 2nd August 2010). They can come in a number of forms that appear in the shape of; Acts or laws, policies, work place practices and so on. Take the Mental Health Act, for this assignment the Author has used the example of Act content from the Western Australian Act 1996 where Part 7 discloses Protection of patients Rights to be given). (Http; /webcache,googleusercontent.com 27th July 2010). Professional boundaries can be described as those conditions that distinguish between sets of behaviour that may lessen the health outcomes of the patient. The idea and notion of what boundaries represent and mean can best be summed up by saying that they are those sets of conditions that bring about an acceptance of each parties roles and responsibilities in a particular relationship. In summary they set the standard where by clearly defined sets of conditions establishes a manner of conduct and behaviour that informs the worker what they ought to do at the same time informing them of what this means in terms of their relationship with the patient. In the context of examples of the misuse of power, one could quite easily conclude that the misuse of power occurs when a worker crosses those professional boundaries of trust and neglects their commitments and responsibilities which in turn create the potential for the inappropriate care and treatment, which results in poor outcomes for the client. With respect to the concern of preventing abuse by health care professionals, the issue of standards and transparent diagnosis and evaluation of a mental illness comes to mind. In turn the issue of creating and maintaining sets of standards are important factors in preventing abuse. Important because they (the standards) establishes mode and method of not only treatment but of means and measures of developing a more structured way of not only appropriately assessing those with an illness but also ensuring that the diagnosis falls within particular guidelines. In terms of transparent practices, clearly defined guidelines need to be put in place that shows an open and ordered means by which patients are then processed and dealt with. Standards are the key to managing the prevention of abuse of the mentally ill. Standards from the point of view of realising measured and ordered approaches to the practices of caring for the mentally ill as well as guaranteeing fair and equitable management of the patients concerns. In dealing with the issue and concern of developing approaches to manage the potential for eliminating abuse from happening in the future the proposal for a much broader campaign of drawing the attention of the communities understanding to what is going on makes for a point from which to start. Measures for eliminating abuse must take on a much broader and wider audience. The issue is both a social one as well as a political one. The effect of such a campaign must take place within all quarters of society. The failure to address the concern as a much broader social issue can have disastrous consequences not only on the client affected by abuse but also on the profession it self. There must be a greater emphasis placed on intake procedures and screening as well as safety checks put in place within the profession. A greater level of management practices that are consistent with standards that place emphasis on treatment outcomes and doctor/nurses skills training must take precedence. Medical staff must also be aware of all resources like the Australian Health and Ethics Committees resource kit outlining good medical practice in doctor/nurse patient communication. These set of guidelines focus on how doctors (communicate with patients and the need to discuss treatment plans including information on risks, and, restricted circumstances when immediate provision of information may not be desirable). (http://www.nhmrc.gov.au 21st August 2010) This will help to ensure that levels of safeguards are established and put in place that dictates the grounds upon which patients are treated as well as ensuring that those who provide the service are able to cope with the related concerns in away that creates well ordered work practices. As mentioned in the above prevention of abuse of mental health patients is a social concern. The stigma and stereotyping that has gone on in the past has only exacerbated and enhanced the typical stereotypes that exist in society for far too long. The kind of mind sets that exist does not in any way help the situation at all. Failures to recognise the concern in its social context will do little to comfort those who seek and wait for the kind of change that will bring about work place practices that are void of those mind sets described in the above. In order for the above to have any affect it must be accepted that people suffer from mental illness in all quarters of our society. As stated previously it does not discriminate and crosses all cultural and social boundaries both socially and economically. In light of this statement the following will address in further detail the mechanisms where by change can be affected and by what means it can be achieved. However it must first be acknowledged that social and professional change is not always an easy thing to achieve. It must also be acknowledged that our society is based on sets of principles and ideas that are fundamental to the way it functions and operates. In that context then it must be accepted that we all no matter what our disposition, are afforded rights of consideration and respect. The kind that are and should be common place within a democratic society that operates and functions on principles of equity and equality for the masses, the kind of principles that entitles each and everyone one of us fair treatment. Based on the position then it should be no surprise that is addressing concerns of misuse of power and the subsequent abuse of power by health care professionals should and must be governed and managed by sets of procedures and practices that are consistent with these principles. Often mistreatment in the work place can be linked too much broader social images and attitudes. Thats why work place practices must be supported by a much larger body of thought and action that spells out quite clearly that the misappropriation of power against those who have little control over their situation must be enforced. That is in the context of legislation and government and judicial management orders that establish clear and mandatory codes of practices. This in turn must be supported with mandatory and skills based training for professionals to better manage the risk of inappropriate behaviour and actions. In examining the points raised in the above a case study found in Ethics and law for the health professions 3rd edition, by the authors Kerridge, Lowe and Stewart (2009) illustrates well, a number of important and fundamental concerns when considering issues of misuse of power and behaviours that are inappropriate. For example the authors in setting out the case study of a woman who was suffering from case of low self esteem talked about the type of power relations that are tipped in favour of the psychiatrist. The authors in summary (describe the outcomes for the women in terms of misappropriate diagnosis and maltreatment with respect to medication and management of the illness. The Authors go on to state that Psychiatrists diagnose patients as having mental illness, institutionalise them against their wishes or free them from imprisonment, give them mind-altering substances and administer electro-convulsive therapy) (which means the application of electric current to specific areas to the head to produce a generalised seizure (Mental Health Act 1996 part 5). These power imbalances are the cause of many of the ethical issues in psychiatry. Kerridge, et, al (2009, p. 499). In short if a position had to be taken, as to the primary reason behind the misuse and abuse of power by health care professionals and this can be applied across the industry as a whole, then it would need to be one not to dissimilar to that stated by the authors in the above. That is, much of the concerns that the mentally ill face are based on power relations that are tipped in favour of the professional health care provider. The case study mentioned in the above is one that is all to typical of the kind of mind sets that pervade the profession. This is a prime example of those relations that exists and one which is representative in the way that it seeks to manage the cause and effect of the patients condition and in the process takes away not only their rights but also their dignity. Finally, and in summing up, this paper has attempted to provide a discussion, although brief in detail points for consideration when it comes to issues of the misuse of power towards the mentally ill by some health care professionals. This brief discussion has attempted to highlight not only the need for the management of concerns in a much broader context but also in terms of the internal institutional organisation of treatment of patients. This paper offers for consideration a number of considered points to ponder as they relate to legal and ethical concerns of a other wise stigmatised and marginalised group. Vulnerable they are but not without rights. As a result of considering this topic in more detail, if there is one point of consideration that the author of this paper would like to share as a result of reflection, then it would be this. The responsibilities of health care professionals are enormous. They are the kind of responsibilities that impact profoundly on how patients a re engaged and managed. Profoundly, in both the context of their much broader obligations and profoundly in the context of the social consequences of their actions as they relate to the health outcomes of the patient. And finally the above has reviewed the legal and ethical considerations that are fundamental to the practice of health professionals doing what they have been trained to do, engaging the patient in the kind of relationship that in turn helps to prevent the misuse of power by health care professionals.

The Communist Manifesto :: Literary Analysis, Marx

The Communist Manifesto written by Karl Marx in 1848 is noted as one of the most influential political documents in the world. The publication of the book earned Marx the reputation of a prominent sociologist and political theorist. Despite his renown, there are many controversies concerning the ideas and concepts of communism formulated in the papers that are still heatedly debated even today. Marx (1998) opened the book with, â€Å"The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles.† (p.4). He scrutinized the class differences and social inequality between the Proletariats and Bourgeoisies, two terms he coined to represent social classes that do not own the means of production and social classes that do own the means of production respectively. Since The Communist Manifesto was produced in an era of great social distress, it was the result of Marx’s desire to eliminate the gap between the two classes in order to ameliorate the social, polit ical, and economic conditions of the Proletarians. To achieve equality, Marx encouraged the Proletarians to conspire against the Bourgeoisies to end the exploitation of lower social classes and set up a communistic society where class distinction is a leap of imagination. However, his ideal required changes that a society cannot successfully adapt to and do not ultimately provide equality. Marx’s theories were established upon only class stratification and ignored the many other factors that contribute to the foundation of a society. The entire list of demands that outlines the rules and regulations of communism do not fundamentally offer fairness. Communism disrupts the whole social exchange system which will eventually corrupt the economy of a society. Thus, the theories introduced in The Communist Manifesto by Karl Marx are not relevant in modern industrialized societies primarily because they focus only on the issue of class stratification and neglected the other complica tions involved in a society. Marx (1998) believed that â€Å"Society as a whole is more and more splitting up into two great hostile camps, into two great classes directly facing each other – bourgeoisie and proletariat.† (p.4). It was a vital mistake to polarize the people exclusively on classes instead of taking into account the other factors that contribute to the build-up of a society such as traditions, religious ideologies, trust, laws, cultures, and such. Attempting to create equilibrium between solely the classes will cause new and severe problems that cannot be fixed with Marx’s theories.

The Cuban Revolution Essay -- Cuban History Cuba War Essays

"They talk about the failure of socialism but where is the success of capitalism in Africa, Asia and Latin America?" -- Fidel Castro Introduction During the 1950’s, Cuba was on the brink of revolution. The nation, which had suffered numerous corrupt and oppressive governmental regimes, fell victim to yet another when Fulgencio Batista seized power under a military coup in March of 1952. A cry for a just Cuba, that was economically, politically, and socially free continued to echo throughout the island. In 1959, a group of radical revolutionaries, under the leadership of Fidel Castro, overthrew the Batista dictatorship and put in place the political and social structures that exist in Cuba to this day. Pà ©rez-Stable’s Reasons for Revolution Even after obtaining its independence from Spain in 1898, conditions still existed in Cuba that made it ripe for insurrection. Pà ©rez-Stable feels that one of the primary causes for Cuba’s problems was the economic instability that resulted from its dependence on sugar. This industry, says Pà ©rez-Stable, "was the most important depository of domestic and foreign capital investments" (14). Because of its short harvesting season, however, sugar was largely to blame for Cuba’s unemployment and underemployment. In addition, sugar was responsible for the nation’s continued economic reliance on the United States. The U.S. was Cuba’s primary trading partner. The Cuban and United States governments had established reciprocity agreements by which the United States would buy the majority of Cuban sugar in exchange for reduced tariffs on its imports to Cuba. Nevertheless, these agreements worked to the advantage of the U.S. while helping to preserve economic hard ships for Cuba. By the 1950’s, ... ...scouraged in socialist Cuba. Works Cited Castro, Fidel. "History Will Absolve Me"(excerpts). Closing speech in trial for the 1953 Moncada attack. Excerpt 1:From The United States, Cuba and the Cold War American Failure or Communist Conspiracy?. Ed. L. Langley. Lexington, MA: 1970. 26th of July Movement. "Program Manifesto of the 26th of July Movement". in Cuba in Revolution. Ed. R. Bonachea and Nelson Valdà ©s. Garden City, NJ: 1972. Guevara, Ernesto "Che". "One Year of Armed Struggle". In Reminiscences of the Cuban Revolutionary War. Trans. Victoria Ortiz. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1968. Paterson, Thomas G. Contesting Castro: The United States and The Triumph of the Cuban Revolution. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994. Pà ©rez-Stable, Marifeli. The Cuban Revolution: Origins, Course, and Legacy. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.

Cons of Obamacare

Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 is the first major healthcare act passed since the 1967's Medicare and Medicade act. Obamacare is the name given by critics, because of the power that is given to the federal government to regulate healthcare prices. The reason given that this act was passed is that it willl save billions of federal dollars each year. Many people against the act believe it should be repealed ,and the reason for this is, because it gives away healthcare to people who don't pay for it.The act also takes away from seniors who really need the medi,cade benefits, and also makes doctors increase how much people pay them. The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 is an extreme set of laws that give the federal government too much power over health care, lets government choose the price of health care, takes away health benefits from senior citizens, takes away more care from people who work for it truly deserve the care, and in addition it is already costing three times more than what it was expected to cost.The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act is an act that generally lets everyone have health care, and is supposed to make health care cheaper. The idea of this plan is to reduce the cost of health care over a decade by 1. 2 trillion dollars making everyone get health care. Overall studies have shown that in the first decade it actually cost 3. 2 trillion dollars to insure everyone, and that is not good at all.There are many good parts of medicare like how it benfits small business, and it allows for parents to let their kids stay on their own insuramce plan until they are 26 which actually earns health insuracne companies for money in the long term. However the Obamacare will actually hurt the middle class, and more than likely increase health insurance cost for everyone. This wiill ultimately hurt our budget deficit recovery plan which is the whole reason the PPAC was initially made. Obamacare was a dishonest plan to begin with, and if Romney gets in office hopefully he will repeal the horrible act that is Obamacare.Many people think The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 is socialism. There are many reasons for this, one is that it lets the federal government mandate what the price of health care is which in effect can cause the prices of healthcare to go up dramatically within the next four years. This also makes everyone get health care even if that set family cant afford it which is a form of Socialism. If you refuse to get the new health care, like in the case of small businesses with over 50 employees they will drop existing businesses medicade plan that you have, and you wont have the extra care at all.In all technicallity there has been no limit in which the federal government can tax Americans for health care. In the long run that will put a bigger dent in Americas economy and our debt to China. Senior citizens across the country who cant afford regular health care prices use medicade to lower their price, and The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 is making it more difficult for seniors to recieve Medicade help practically taking all the relief given to senior citizens with obamacare. The effects on senior citizens will be catastrophic there will be a shortage of 95,000 doctors due to pay cuts.Which will make it to where less and less people can be seen by a doctor each day. Seniors, in fact, will have to pay at least ten percent more than their usual medicare plan due to tax cuts, and price increases. Another bad fact is that due to Obama's irresponsible tax cuts that fifteen percent of medicare or medicaid plans will be cut from the system, directly affecting the amount of care that seniors will be able to recieve no matter what. One elderly woman from Massachusetts who is fighting parkinson's says that she has already stopped recieving cheap care because doctors are already p reparing for Obamacare in 2013.In 2010 president Barack Obama ensured us that in the first decade of his healthcare plan it will save us 1. 2 trillion dollars. However that was false, and The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 will cost three times more than what was originally projected. Republican senators have shown this estimate everytime they calculate the plan, and many say that Obama just plain out lied to Americans who had given him support. Also it will put Americans in an extra two trillion dollar deficit in which the total deficit will add up to 5 trillion dollars.The senate is already pushing to ammend the bill to where maybe we can correct his mistakes, but also save us money in the first three decades which was originally projected. Obama held a joint session in 2010 where he practically said this is the plan, and it will cost 900 billion dollars however its already made us spent three more times the usual amount for any health care plan in America. Man y people who some say don't deserve healthcare are getting healthcare while middle class families are giving more than ever to support these bums.Obamacare is practically ripping care out of the hands of people who work hard for care, yet supports the poor people who cant afford it. Now we must understand that there are special circumstances for people, but most people have the energy to get off the couch so they should be able to find a job. In most circumstances if they got laid off or whatever the other circumstances are, but it doesnt mean Obama should just give special care to these people because there to lazy to go out and work every day like normal Americans. The conclusion to my thoughts about The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 is simple.One, it lets the government choose the price of healthcare and medicade, and also is a form of socialism. Two, war veterans, and senior citizens who worked hard everyday for our country are steadily being taken from. Thr ee, the act grants them the power to tax more from medicade. Next, The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 is starting to cost three times more than president Barack Obama originally projected it to cost. In conclusion the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 could've been a great act, but many others think it will be a economic disaster that sets off another depression.

Defining Affirmative Action

Affirmative action, by definition, is a program designed to favor minorities and remedy past discrimination (Cummings, p. 192). It started in 1961 with President John F. Kennedy, by instructing the federal contractors to take affirmative action to ensure that all people are treated equally regardless of race, color, religion, sex or national origin. Ever since it started, for more than thirty years now, it has been a controversial issue regarding employment practices (Anniston). This research paper will discuss the history of affirmative action, the pro's and con's of affirmative action in the workplace and in the educational system, and proposition 209. In 1961, President John F. Kennedy was the first to use affirmative action. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 barred discrimination by universities or others that received federal assistance (Cummings, p. 192). After it came the Voting Act of 1965, Immigration Act of 1965, The Fair Housing Act of 1968 (Nieli, p. ). In 1978, President Carter created the Office of Federal Contract Compliance Program (OFCCP) to ensure compliance with the affirmative action policies by the department of labor (Brown). Also in 1978 was the Bakke v. Reagents of the University of California, where Supreme Court upheld that use of race as one factor in choosing among qualified applicants for admission and reserving certain seats in each entering class of students for disadvantaged minorities were unlawful. Affirmative action began to go downhill and fading away during the presidency of Ronald Reagan and later George Bush. The republicans in the White House and in congress ignored the affirmative action. Finally to the presidency of Bill Clinton, the republicans were attempting to scare people into changing their party lines by saying that affirmative action is nothing more than a quota or reverse discrimination (Brown). Just by watching the history of this issue, one can come to a conclusion that we've come a long way in regards to racial and gender discrimination. Affirmative action programs offer individuals such as women and minorities a chance at equal employment opportunities and representation through positive, results-oriented practices that purposely take race and gender into account (Anniston). In the work force, minorities and women are source of cheap labor. The employers higher them to work with very little pay and little or no benefits. Higher paying jobs were always filled with white males. Even when women wanted to be as successful as that of men, they had a limit hanging over their head called the â€Å"glass-ceiling†. But through affirmative action, women and minorities were able to get higher paying jobs and even promotions and some even going up to the professional jobs. For example, women have made significant progress in recent year; in 1963, women earned fifty-nine cents for every dollar earned by men. Today, women earn on average seventy-one cents for every dollar earned by men (Curry, p. 179). Affirmative action may reduce racial tension forcing people to interact together and work as a unit in a professional and intellectual level across racial lines (Lewis). This program gives the minorities the opportunity to join the competition in the â€Å"white† American society and to defy the stigmas and stereotypes cast upon them by others. Some people believe that affirmative action is wrong because it discriminates. For example, and employer hires anyone because he/she is a minority, even if someone else is more qualified for the job. In this case, the employer is not discriminating against the minorities but against the majorities. Some also argue that affirmative action programs incite racial tension (Lewis). Since employers are very sensitive about affirmative action programs and if a white male is more qualified for the job than the minority, it may stir up some tension between those people involved. And because of the tension, the employers are more likely to higher a minority, who is less qualified for the job. By doing so, the employers may have a feeling that they are left with the short end of the stick and a lesser quality worker (Wit). If a workplace made decisions on hiring and promoting on the basis of ethnicity, such a workplace would go under. Decisions make in workplace should be merit-base; the eligibility and quality of the employee, not race-base. The outcome of the case of Allen Bakke v. Reagents of the University of California in 1974, helped many minorities to go into college. Allan Bakke had applied for medical school in University of California at Davis in 1973 and in 1974 and was rejected because they only set aside 16 seats for minorities each year. He sued contending that he had been excluded on the basis of his race in violation of the Constitution and the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Cummings, p. 193). The California Supreme Court called the act of the university unconstitutional and Bakke won along with other minorities who could not get into college. In the case of Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas in 1954, the Supreme Court ruled that although the physical factors and tangible factors may be equal in public school systems, the children of the minority group were deprived of the equal education. Therefore they are deprived of the equal protection of the laws guaranteed by the fourteenth amendment (Cummings, p. 182). Even though the compliance of this law was very slow, eventually all states complied with the law and made public school available to the minorities. By 1969, all the public schools in the country were trying to comply with the law. The history of the campaign against racial injustice since 1954, when the Supreme Court decided Brown v. Board of Education, is a history in a large part of failure (Nieli p. 79). The law may have said to put an end to segregation and racism in public schools, but even now, the racism and the segregation still live in the hearts of American people. In 1979, the case was reopened because even twenty-five years later, schools were still segregated. Affirmative action is supposed to treat everyone as equals. But actually and in reality, it does not treat everyone with equality. When admitting a person to a college, in the registration form, it asks what race the person is. If it were to treat everyone equally, it wouldn't ask that question. And because of the affirmative action law and trying to comply with it, the colleges will pick a minority, who may not be as qualified, to attend the school, therefore lowering the standard of the school to match that person's standard. The standards for all the people should be the same no matter what. Proposition 209 was proposed by Californians that wanted to outlaw programs based on affirmative action. It was passed by a narrow margin in the November 5,1996. Proposition abolished all public sector affirmative action programs in the state in employment, education and contracting. It also permits gender discrimination that is reasonably necessary to the normal operation of public education, employment and contracting. This proposition means that people should not have special privileges on the basis of their race, sex, color, ethnicity, or national origin in any kind of public services where it's funded by the government. In regards to the affirmative action issue, this proposition makes it hard for people to get hired just because they are a minority. The proposition tries to bring balance between all the people not on the basis of their minority or majority but on their merits. When I first started this research, I only did it because the subject was well known and easy to find. After finishing the research, my opinion towards affirmative action was swayed a little. I first thought that affirmative action was an absolute good that helps the minorities of the community to have the equal opportunity as that of others. But now, I feel that affirmative action itself was contributing to discrimination. It was discrimination against those who were more qualified in a job or in a college who couldn†t' get in because there was a minority and the rule had to be bent a little to accept those minorities. I believe that the standards should be the same for all people and the law shouldn't be bent just because a minority couldn't keep u with the standards of the society. If the person is not qualified for the field, then they shouldn't be hired, because if they were, they're robbing another wee qualified person their job and the opportunity to achieve their goal and do their best. It may be the case that a minority, picked over the more qualified person, might quit or get fired because they were way in over their heads. Affirmative action should not be something that the society would have to abide to. It should be a reference to when there are conflicts among controversial issues that is related to discrimination on workplace or in educational system. I believe that in the society that we live in, discrimination should be something that of the past. To believe in racism and discrimination against minorities, just wouldn†t be America.

Paper vs Plastic, Which Is Better

Thousands and thousands of people are shopping in grocery stores each day using either plastic or paper bags. They think of it as something that just holds their items. What they don’t know is how much it harms our environment. So the question is which is better? â€Å"3. 14 billion Plastic shopping bags and 53 million Kraft paper bags are produced annually to satisfy the national market, consuming 28. 5 million kilograms of plastic and 4. 8 million kilograms of paper†( Goldbeck 333). A man named Shropshire in Annapolis had a campaign to get rid of plastic bags and is referred to as the â€Å"the bag man. â€Å"12 million barrels of oil are needed to produce 100 billion plastic bags used in the United States each year,† He said. According to the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency only 5% of those bags are being recycled and the rest are thrown into landfills. He also says that plastic bags from Annapolis land in Chesapeake Bay and marine animals swallow them, mistaking them for jelly fish. â€Å"Estimates prepared by the New York City Department of Sanitation suggest that if each New Yorker would use one less grocery sack per week, the city’s garbage could be reduced by 2500 tons every year, saving 250,000 taxpayer dollars â€Å"(Goldbeck 333). Some officials say. that producing the bags takes too much energy and they create environmental hazards. The only problem is that plastic is cheaper and create less landfill waste than paper bags. Plastic bags are made with polyethylene. 80% of polyethylene is made from natural gas; a non-renewable resource. According to the Boustead Consulting Association polyethylene uses less water, oil and energy. Plastic bags use 40% less energy than paper and plastic sacks. The alliance says, they generate 80% less solid waste. Donna Dempsey of the Progressive Bag Alliance, a group representing plastic bag manufacturers, says that an alternative to plastic bags like paper wouldn’t actually be greener. She also says that paper bags use up more fossil fuels in their lifecycle than plastic. Paper bags are made from a lot of trees. Paper grocery bags, are an American innovation and were designed in 1883. It’s also made from a Kraft (German: means course and strength) paper. According to the American Forest and Paper Association, paper collection is easily and readily available in most parts of the country. But like plastic, paper uses natural resources and creates pollution. The manufacturing of one paper bag uses 1 whole gallon of water! Trees have to dry for 3 whole years before making it into paper. Then it’s cooked under heat and pressure†¦Etc. So paper also use up resources. When paper is thrown away it’s either recycled or thrown in a landfill. Both paper and plastic bags can pollute and effect the environment. So it’s hard to say which is better to use. I f we want an option better for the environment its better to use neither of them. The best option there is out there is reusable bags.

Patient Narratives Essay

â€Å"Narratives† or stories have been used throughout the history of the human race to allow and help people to express themselves in ways that promote personal growth and enhance physical well-being. Even in the simplest of contexts, narratives are a core factor in the advancement of the humanity/society and all of its facets. An illustration of this can be seen in the transfer of a family’s lineage, history, and values from generation to generation. This allows for the recipient of this information to have a greater knowledge of his/her own family and the history surrounding it. Oral narratives and writings, such as journals, stories, or speeches to others are stress-relieving mechanisms that can reduce the external stress. The narrating of one’s thoughts definitely does not initially affect the external stressors one is facing. Narrating does, however, allow one to share these feelings with others and to organize one’s thoughts around these issues. More significantly, narrative opportunities such as these, work to encourage and advance constructive contexts in which individuals such as a mother and daughter or father and son can openly communicate any differences, worries, or problems one might be having with daily living. A more important and serious issue interlaced with narratives is the â€Å"personal issue of telling stories about illness†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Frank, ch.1 pg.2) Narratives are the beginning to the process of healing. See more: how to start a narrative essay introduction By definition, the term â€Å"healing† is best understood as a natural process by which the body repairs itself. Although rather simplistic sounding, healing’s true definition or meaning is a much more complicated issue. When analyzing healing, it is imperative for an individual to not view the words â€Å"healing† and â€Å"curing† as the same words. Healing raises much deeper, hidden issues than curing does. I once was talking with a buddy about his recent misfortune of breaking his leg. After tens, if not hundreds of hours put in to rehab, he had his leg cast removed in a much anticipated doctor visit. After the doctor removed his cast, the first words out of his mouth were, â€Å"I’m healed!† Normally, a statement like this would cause no fuss, or evoke any further debate. But today it is time to turn things straight. Unfortunately for my buddy, his statement was far from the truth. He was not healed, but cured! Medicine, fortunately for him, was able to cure him. But medicine did nothing to heal him from the multiple breakdowns and personal  angst caused by his broken leg. Healing goes much deeper than curing. A cure is almost a â€Å"quick fix† in a sense. If someone was to burn their hand, the cure for this would be something along the lines of burn cream or ice. But when someone has something severe happen to them, such as a life threatening illness or disease, healing must take place in order for that person to recover. My point is that deep illness interrupts life in all aspects. To start the healing process, one must find a new equilibrium or sense of who you are in relation to the people around you. This calls upon the ever-healing powers of personal narratives to allow for insight into what is going on in your life. â€Å"Stories have to repair the damage that illness has done to the ill person’s sense of where he/she is in life, and where she may be going.† I’ll people have to learn â€Å"to think differently.† (Frank, ch.1 pg.1) This can be learned by an ill person by hearing themselves tell their story to others and in turn, understand the listeners’ reactions and experience their stories for themselves. When an ill person tells a story, it is incongruent to telling a story when they are not ill. â€Å"The story was told through a wounded body.† (Frank, ch.1 pg.1) The need of ill people to express and tell their stories to create a new â€Å"equilibrium† as stated earlier is essential to their recovery. More imperative is the need for listeners of the story to understand that it is told not only about the body, but through the body. â€Å"One of our most difficult duties as human beings is to listen to the voices of those who suffer.† (Frank, pg. 25) For the average human, listening to stories as told through the body of an ill person is not exactly anyone’s idea of a good time. These stories told are, on most occasions, easily neglected or brushed aside by listeners because of their own feeling or thought of the possibility that they too might one day be afflicted with a disease or illness similar to the sufferer. â€Å"Listening is hard, but is also a fundamental moral act; to realize the best potential in postmodern times requires an ethics of listening. In listening for the other, we listen for ourselves.† (Frank, pg. 26) In lesser words, this statement depicts the need to listen as a moral act. In a sense, it is a person’s duty to listen to the stories of the ill. In doing so, one can more fully comprehend the story  being told and in turn, be able to relate in some way to the patient. This allows for a more full understanding of what the patient is going through and opens the eyes of the listener in ways that are beneficial for him/her. This way of thinking often deteriorates when the listener is not just a friend or family, but the appointed physician or doctor. Narrative ethics is a term that has recently been abundant in the field of medicine. The term â€Å"narrative ethics† is often used in union with how a physician listens or goes about listening to a patient’s story. It is easily understandable, that after years of practicing medicine, a physician may grow indifferent to the many stories told by patients. It is rather clear to see that after multiple repetitions of something, such as stories told to an attorney or lawyer by their clients, each new story has less and less or an effect on the listener. If a defending lawyer hears stories about client after client killing someone or stabbing someone, they will soon become indifferent to the stories being told. This is a huge problem afflicting modern medicine and physicians. In order for patients to become healed, it is essential for physicians to have a â€Å"narrative sensitization† towards their patient’s narrative. The goal is to create empathy for the pat ient to allow for a full understanding of the patients illness, and also to create a bond between physician and patient that will allow for further quickening of the healing process. Without this, it would be hard for a physician to adjust or find alternative treatment and medical decisions that would play to the â€Å"specificity of each patient’s life.† (Frank, pg. 156)†Thinking with stories is the basis of narrative ethics.† (Frank, pg. 158) Many times a physician will listen to what the patient has to say, but only to a â€Å"professional† extent. By this, I mean that physicians often look at each patient’s narratives and/or illness objectively. They don’t look at any deeper truth or emotion that a particular narrative may express; they only look at the observable truths and obvious implications. In the notes written by Renee Anspach on the Sociology of Medical Discourse, she states that, â€Å"Cases are objects of professional scrutiny. In presentations of cases, professionals talk about people’s stories; the story is an object of analysis, and professionals believe themselves to be the only ones qualified to carry out this analysis.† For example, a physician may listen to what  his/her patient has to say but not think with the story. In this way, the physician could empathize with the patient’s true feelings and better understand his/her condition. If instead, the physician would have listened to the story and actually thought subjectively about the patient’s words said such as, â€Å"Can you give me the courage I need?† then he could have thought about the possibility of medicating his patient for possible depression. (Frank, pg. 158) Existing in and throughout patient illness and healing, religion has been a topic that has been somewhat overlooked. Religion plays a significant role in many people’s recovery and healing process that doesn’t necessarily go un-noticed, but unaccredited. Religion itself is a means of healing, but is usually not documented because of the simple fact that there is no hard evidence to link the two. Religion is a narrative all of its own. Possibly the most powerful narrative, religious narrative allows an individual to place every hope of healing and progression through illness or disease in a single word that has no boundaries; faith. It has been common, for example, for religions to be the sole source of physical, mental, emotional, and psychological healing for adherents. Although religion and prayer are unable to deliver the resources of modern medical science, it is able to alter the way people perceive and process their experiences. This, in turn, can change the course of a disease or illness simply because of the influence our attitudes have on our physical well being. Regardless of if you believe in God or maybe just a higher-power of sorts, faith in something that you truly believe, will better your condition and will prove beneficial in almost any situation. Religion is possibly the most powerful, yet least used form of narrative existing. With faith in God, anything is possible. As has been explained, patient narratives are an integral part of patient healing in the face of illness or disease. Not only is the patient’s stories essential, but a listener that really tries to understand the patient and takes an active role in story-listening will better the given situation by ten-fold. Only when all of these factors combine into a single entity do the patient’s hopes and healing abilities fully render. Narratives are the beginning, middle, and end to the process of healing. Bibliography for Patient Narratives Paper1.http://www.cancerlynx.com/storyteller.html2.http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=sgQEb9AObS4C&oi=fnd&pg=PP13&sig=GodeUXE92NJX3OH0I9thPOJBtpA&dq=%22The+Wounded+Storyteller%22#PPP1,M13.http://muse.jhu.edu/demo/perspectives_in_biology_and_medicine/v048/48.1connelly.pdf4.Porterfield, Amanda. Healing in the History of Christianity. 1st ed. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2005. 3-185. 5.Frank, Arthur. The Wounded Storyteller. The University of Chicago Press, 1997. 1-185. Topic:Analyze the importance of patient narratives in healing experiences. How can personal illness narratives help patients move toward healing? What narrative options has modern biomedicine (or â€Å"orthodox† medicine) provided?