The stories of mystery and suspense you have read present improbable events Essay Example for Free

The stories of mystery and suspense you have read present improbable events Essay The stories of mystery and suspense you have read present improbable events. How have the writers of these stories engaged and sustained your interest? Which of the two stories did you find more successful? Refer closely to the text and offer quotation to support your ideas. The stories themselves are not scary to a modern audience but to the audience at the period that the stories were written the stories would have been horrific. Although a modern audience would still be scared of these concepts for example fear of the unknown or the fear of a random logical murderer. I am to contrast these short stories The tell tale heart by Edgar Allen Poe and The sea raiders by HG Wells. Poes Tell tale heart opens with the exclamation of a mad man, which adds to the mystery and suspense, as we dont know whether or not to believe the mad mans logic and also the protagonist uses repetition of language such as will you say I am mad? Attempting to convince the reader that he is not insane but actually he confirms that he is insane by exclaiming lines like the afore mentioned. This use of language puts doubt about the characters sanity into the readers mind. He also adds suspense to the story as he involves the reader and the reader becomes a voyeuristic accomplice. This adds to the suspense as the reader feels like a key element in the murder and they get a view into the murderers mind. The reader has doubts about the protagonists motives due to the fact that he is mad. This story is a first person narrative story and the theme is believable because of the authors passionate expression of the story. The setting in this story is in a dark house and mainly in just one room. This gives a claustrophobic sense to the story and dramatically increases the suspense and mystery as it is amplified on a far greater extent than need be to create a mysterious presence and so it draws the readers attention onto the story a lot more. This also gives an almost tangible effect on the man and his room. The theme of the play is based mainly on just two characters the old man and the mad man so it gives a predator prey relationship as the mad man is going to kill the old man. This also narrows the focus and keeps the readers attention fully on the characters involved and also portrays a sense of suspense. This also can be affiliated with the fact that the writer uses the reader as a voyeuristic accomplice. The death of the old man or the mad mans plan shows no logic whatsoever and is focused onto one character, this greatly adds to the suspense as it once again draws the reader into the story and creates a sense mystery as the mad man kills the old man due to his eye being covered by a crust and the fact that he fluctuated from the beating of his heart to the eye shows more illogical thinking. The writer uses many linguistic tricks to sustain the readers interest, for example he uses the repetition of sanity to show that the character is insane How then, am I mad? He also uses the repetition of words and phrases to show that the characters line of thought is irrational and full of pandemonium. He always includes the reader as it creates more suspense as the reader feels like an accomplice. He uses a mixture of short, sharp sentences for sudden actions and makes use of long sentences with commas, ands, and hyphens to create suspense and show that the character is confused. Poe also makes use of conjunction to hold the readers attention and to build up the atmosphere And then The use of this is kept to a minimum, as Poe doesnt want to wear out its effect! The second story is written in a scientific style and because it is done like that it draws the reader to the conclusions that everything in it is factual. This also makes the story more realistic and the fact that the author doesnt attempt to force conclusions onto the reader unlike in the previous story where the narrator attempts to convince the reader that he isnt mad. To make this story factual the writer has used names of people and dates to create a more scientific theme to the story. He does this from the start found earlier in 1896 by Mr Jennings. This makes it more plausible. The scene is set to a totally opposite scope to that in Poes story. The setting is in the sea, which is an expansive, vague place that is too large to document. The effect is the same though as the sea is so wide it has a lot that is unknown and there is a fear of the unknown, this only adds to the mystery and suspense that this story creates. Unlike Poes story Wells creates a bigger selection of characters and because there is a bigger scope of characters especially when the story is one that has a random murderer and all the characters in the story are possible victims. This adds to the fear factor, as the characters dont know who is next. The story shows that the octopus is a random killer but it is a logical one, which makes it, even more of a scary thought, as a killer with intelligence is worse than one that is stupid. The theme to this story is the opposite of that of Poes but it still carries the same underlying effects. It is controlled, calm, logical and scientific so the reader is more inclined to believe it and therefore be shocked as it is both unknown to the common man and to science. The author uses conditional words and phrases to add to the mystery for example it seems or it might be The author also refuses to have the characters jump to conclusions and these emphases the scientific nature of the prose; it makes it more like a calculated scientific report and hence makes it more believable for the readers. I believe that Edgar Allen Poe is more successful purely for the reason that I found that his story drew my attention a lot more and kept my interest focused on the story at hand although both authors use many different techniques to grasp and sustain the readers interest.

European Union And Its Application In Zara Commerce Essay

European Union And Its Application In Zara Commerce Essay In todays competitive world, the organisations have to focus on the development of effective logistics and supply chain that will ensure that it is able to meet the demands of its customers at a consistent pace. With the advent of time and increased trend of globalisation across the world, the trade barriers are fading out and favourable trade policies are promoting fast and quick exchange of goods and services (European Commission, 2010). The latest trend in the market is creation of an integrated logistics and supply chain infrastructure that is supported by the technologically advanced systems such as SAP, Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), E-Retailing, Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) and many more (European Logistics Report, 2012). All leading corporations that are operating on international level have ensured that they have a well-coordinated Supply Chain Management and Logistics system that will employ the best systems for procurement, warehousing, inventory management, storage and inbound and outbound logistics (Johnson Turner, 2006). In order to gain competitive edge in the market especially European market, the logistics and supply chain system has to be developed after exploiting all available options so that the inventory is effectively managed and there is proper balance between the demand and supply of raw materials, inventory and goods (DeMeyer, Van Dierdanck Vercecke, 1996). There has been drastic shift in the European Logistics and Supply Chain Business operating systems as its market has been transformed into single market that allows the operating firms to take advantage of various economies of scale. European Logistics and Supply Chain System In the European economy, both logistics and transport are considered to be its primary means of support that have mean the contributing factor in the robust growth of economy. According to European Union (2012), there is strong relationship between the economic growth and level of transportation escalation. It is believed to be the fundamental part of every society that is the main factor for intensive growth of every countrys economy and creates ample opportunities of job for the citizens. In European Union, more than ten million people are employed in the transport and logistics industry which makes a significant contribution in GDP i.e. almost 5% (Evans, 2000). The European Commission (2011) highlighted in its annual report that a well-developed system of transportation is the primary driving force for dynamic performance of the member states. For all European companies, their logistics are the vital areas of concern as the storage and transport cost accounts for about 10-15% of the total cost of a product that is completed and finished. Almost every corporation is spending certain percentage of the budget on effective transportation system for its goods and services which is usually about 13.2% (European Commission, 2011). The market of European Union can work smoothly only when there is a well-integrated transport system which provides assistance in free movement of the goods within its territory; it is mandatory for the cohesion of territories and long-term economic growth. The pre-requisite for an effective logistics and supply chain system is the transport system that has interoperability of networks and harmonisation among rules. European Transport Policy In order to develop an excellent and well-defined European Transport Policy for the entire European Union region, the European Commission has undertaken various steps to address the obstacles that are hampering the creation of an effective transport system. It is reported by European Commission (2012) and Harps (2002) that the region is the central hub for manufacturing of products for various leading companies and they are looking for accurate logistics and supply chain system that can boost their performance in the market. The key mediums of transportation used are air, sea, road and rail but the latest trend is of intermodality. Intermodality is defined as the mechanism in which different modes of transportation are used along the entire chain of transportation to ensure that the overall supply chain system is effective and promotes the attainment of desired efficient logistics system objectives (Tseng, Yue Taylor, 2005). The European Transport Policy has been developed to provide guidance to the companies about developing an appropriate and highly efficient logistics and supply chain system so that they can supply goods and services with precision worldwide (Cooper, Browne Peters, 1994). Since there are many companies that are operating in European Union region, both markets and European Transport Policy have been modified to a greater extent to incorporate all the requirements of the players of the diversified industries (). Changes in European Market for enhanced growth of Logistics and Supply Chain system Up till now, the market of European Union has evolved from national emphasis to regional and finally to pan-European but now it is moving more towards customer-oriented. With the advent of Single Market which is also known as Common Market, the logistics networks of all companies have evolved and they have been developed to ensure compliance with the latest market trends (EIU, 1999). The organisations are restructuring their strategies of distribution in Europe and even revisiting their networks so that they can move closer to internationalisation by sourcing the products from other fields and ensure supply of products from one central location (). The developmental phases of the single market can be broken down into three parts i.e. pre-1993 period, 1993-present period and future period. In pre-1993 period, there was no specific European logistics strategy has European Union was not established at that time. All companies had a single national setup along with a distribution centre that was located in every major country of their operation. Every organisation used to do sourcing directly from the plants of manufacturing present in Europe and the logistics strategy differed among every country as it was developed in accordance to the respective country. Most of the offerings for supply chain services were similar as the suppliers followed the one-size-fits-all concept. The domestic carriers were the main source of transportation and majority of the third-party logistics providers were either regional or local companies (Harps, 2002). Larsen (2000) has stated that after the formation of European Union, all member states have been able to achieve robust growth in their economic performance and they have exploited all benefits for doing expansion globally at an accelerating rate. After the era of 1993, European Union opened its borders internally because global outsourcing was heavily demanded by the companies and factories of the manufacturers were starting to become focussed on global level. As a result of shift in the logistics strategy, the organisations revamped their supply chain management structures so that they were consistent with the European Logistics and Supply Chain Business Operations System. In major countries across Europe, the Pan-European Distribution Centres marked their developments in the region and they extended their importance by incorporating all processes required in the effectiveness of logistics and supply chain system. These centres postponed the role of manufacturing and combined some value-added activities to various traditional activities such as receiving of raw materials, transportation of inventory and shipment of the finished goods. In fact, Pan-European Distribution Centres allowed the companies to transfer their transport needs to the integrators who had the facilities of doing direct shipment from one central location (McDonald Deardsen, 1994). With the help of the centralised and Pan-European networks of distribution the products were easily shipped to the customers living in far off distant places and they helped the companies in saving huge amount of time and money. However, the companies are changing their logistics and supply chain systems to develop a perfect blend of both decentralised and centralised facilities for distribution so that they can strategically fulfil all their business objectives. With the developments taking place at an accelerating pace in the market, the entire logistics and supply chain system will get extraordinary efficient and competent for the organisations (Cousins, Lawson Squire, 2006). Key Drivers of change in European Transport Policy Since transport is the crucial element of logistics and supply chain system, the European Transport Policy has been developed by the European Commission so that the companies can abide by the laws related to the transportation policy. According to Walker and Jones (2012), the main driving forces that are impacting the European Transport Policy are as follows: Political Developments The liberalisation in the transport sector like US-EU Open Skies Initiative has a significant impact on Europe as it is expected to increase the traffic and create competition within the region. The international liberalisation of the trade has even boosted the transport as there is an increase in need of transportation of goods and services because of growing trend of outsourcing. There has been a rise in the environmental concerns which is leading immense pressure on sustainability within the environment. Economic Developments There are many economic drivers that are impacting the development of Europes economy on the targeted level. The key economic factor impacting the economy is the rising oil prices along with an increase in the transportation level that is closely linked to the economic growth level. As the income of people is increasing, there is an increase in the number of car ownerships and there is an increase in the GDP of the country as a whole. Environmental Issues The environment is one of the main areas of concern for any country and the transport sector has responsibility of about 28% of the Carbon dioxide emissions in European Union. The policymakers are identifying the alternatives that control the emission of Carbon dioxide by investigation various options for the road transport. As a result of growth in transport, the routes have become congested that have been hampering the transportation at both commercial and passenger level. Technological Drivers Since both increase in prices of fuel and environmental issues are primary areas of apprehension, there is an increase in the work of researchers to indentify excellent alternatives for the transport technologies. However, an enhanced level of efficiency is expected in the transportation of all goods by adoption of latest technologies such as RFID. Socio-demographic Changes The European workforce is getting older now and there is a huge reduction in the labour force. The companies are forced to recruit women in the manufacturing and logistics sector. The organisations are even compelled to provide additional training to the workforce so that their skills are enhanced and they have to incur more cost for recruiting new workers who are more competent and skilled. ZARA Leading Fashion Retailer in Europe ZARA is a top-ranked Spanish retailer of clothing and accessories that is headquartered in Artexio, Galicio. It was founded by Rosalia Mera and Amancio Ortega in 1975 and it is the leading flagship chain store of the Inditex group. ZARA has been successfully meeting the demands of its customers by employing an entirely different strategy from its competitors. According to Zhelyazkov (2011), ZARA follows a differentiation strategy of Porters generic strategies and focuses on enhancing the value chain by developing highly efficient and effective logistics, distribution and supply chain system. According to Cook, Heiser and Sengupta (2011), ZARA used to follow time-to-market strategy i.e. competing on the basis of time before the formation of European Union. After 1993, it shifted its policy to agile supply chain which meant that every step in logistics and supply chain was visible and well-coordinated. It is believed that the company needs only two weeks of time to develop the unique products and deliver them to the stores and it has made a reputation of launching more than ten thousand new designs on yearly basis (About US, 2012). The three key success factors of ZARA are short lead times, limited number of products and extensive range of styles. Agile supply chain of ZARA In order to get competitive edge in the market, ZARA is employing an agile supply chain which allows it to make the best use of Quick-Response System. Agile supply chain is described as the supply chain in which all elements work together in the form of a cross-functional team with the aim of eliminating unnecessary steps and predicting the demands of customers beforehand so that the products are available in advance in the market (Zhelyazkov, 2011). ZARA has been successful in the market because of its focus on designing of an excellent and efficient logistics and supply chain system. The entire process of supplying the goods to ZARA stores is started at the cross-functional teams who are working in the design department located at the headquarters of company in La Coruna. Almost all the designs are contemporary and inspiration for them is drawn from conducting various researches in the market by visiting university campuses, pubs, fashion shows, competitors offerings and cafes in addition to other places where the target customers can be found. Further data about the customers is gathered from EPOS data and online sources from across the websites. When the design that has been proposed is accepted, the specialists of commercial department move ahead with their tasks and do negotiation with the suppliers, decide about the purchasing price, carefully analyse the cost and margins and then fix price position of cross-currency for garments. It has a global sourcing policy which is organised by the buying offices present in the Netherlands, China and UK; the wide supplier base ensures that the best fabric is selected and there is less risk of dependence on one supplier. More than 40% of the garments which have the least transitory appeal are mainly imported in the form of finished goods from various low-cost centres of manufacturing located in the Far East, while, the rest are produced on quick responses in Spain by using the automated factories of ZARA that has a small network of contractors (Godsell et al., 2011). Value Chain Analysis of ZARA ZARA ensures that there is a proper balance between in-house and outsourcing operations. The operations that enhance the cost-efficiency of the company via economies of scale are done in-house such as packaging, labelling, cutting and dyeing. The labour-intensive tasks required at the finishing stages are usually done by the subcontractors network that comprises of more than 300 firms and each one of them has specialisation in specific garment type or process of production. In order to respond quickly to the demands of the customers, the process is flexible and the production level is always kept slightly less that the expected level of sales so that the stock is always moving. It believes in having under-supply of stock as opposed to stocking huge amount of inventory. When the finished goods have been labelled, packaged and price-tagged, they are then transported by the third-party contractor either by road or air to their destinations. There is only one distribution centre that is located in the companys headquarters i.e. La Coruna. Every store of ZARA gets fresh stock twice a week that has been pre-determined by the design department of the company (Zhelyazkov, 2011). Figure : Designing, production and marketing cycle of ZARA (Source: Godsell et al., 2011) The entire cycle of designing, production and marketing has declined to 22-30 days that is too less when compared to the industry average of nine months as the lead time. The main factor that has supported such an efficient logistics and supply chain system is the investment in Information technology. The 500,000 sq m. and five storey centre of logistics comprises of about 200 kilometres of moving rails along with an automated routing system that delivers all electronically tagged garments at the proper bays of loading for dispersal through the third party distributors. Almost all the products can be dispatched within eight hours of their arrival and it has been found that almost 98.9% perfect and the shrinkage level is even less than 0.5%. Implications of changes in EU Policy With the changes in EU Policy especially transport policy, ZARA has been able to develop a highly competent logistics and supply chain system. It has been able to utilise all available options within European countries to a maximum level. With the help of development of a good logistics system within the region, the transportation of goods, materials and inventory has become quick and responding to the customer changes on fast pace has become convenient for the companies. The biggest advantage for ZARA has been that it has been able to expand into European countries strategically and has even exploited all available opportunities so that it can maintain its core competencies in the production and operations area. Future of Logistics and Supply Chain System in European Union Since European Union is continuously striving to develop a good transportation system for development of an effective logistics and supply chain, there are huge chances that the countries are able to take advantage of developments in the transport and logistics sector. In years ahead, there kind of revolutions are expected in this sector i.e. increased trade globalisation, development of the information era and continuously changing preferences and demands of customers. In order to provide excellent logistics and transport sector to the companies, the concerned authorities will have to take certain steps to develop the best logistics and supply chain system for the business operations. Some of the suggestions made by the European Commission (2012) are: Improve interoperability by standardising the processes of loading units. Set up an entire network of transfer of nodes across Europe. Eradicating all differences found in the national regulations that are the barriers for achievement of flexible and smooth interoperability around Europe. Using Information Technology to boost the performance of key players and define a single most authentic and worthwhile ICT system that can meet all requirements of the participants. Ensuring harmonisation of paperwork and reducing and simplifying the number of the documents required for transportation. Review the current regulations at both international and European levels for development of an approach that is integrated for implementation of the measures required for security related to the transportation along with the assessment of risk along the entire chain. Enhance the co-operation among the players among the supply chain that can result in improved competitiveness via the reduced costs, high service quality and smaller lead times. Conclusion All organisations that are competing in todays dynamic and ever changing environment have to ensure that they have a well-coordinated and highly integrated transport and logistics system that will allow them to meet the requirements of their customers. E-commerce and RFID are gaining immense popularity in the market and it is expected that the every supply chain will have to employ these technologies in their systems to have an efficient inventory management system along with warehousing facilities, cordial relations with suppliers and enhanced production locations that assist in appropriate deployment of finished goods. Third party logistics service providers have become an integral part of the entire logistics and supply chain systems and it is vital for the companies to implement an appropriate policy of logistics management. All the companies in Europe have huge potential of growth as the trade barriers have faded and there are ample opportunities available for them to enhance their production and operations within the region. Hence, European Union offers immense range of options to the organisations for development of a cost-effective and flexible logistics and supply chain system for efficient management of their business operations.

Human Rights and Mental Health

Human Rights and Mental Health Ethical Communication Human Rights and Mental Health Ethics is concerned with what is good for individuals and society and is also describe as moral philosophy .It covers a lot of dilemma such as how to live a good life, individual rights and responsibilities and the language of right and wrong(BBC 2014). Ethics defines the elements essential to human well-being. In addition it also refers to the specific values, standard and agreements people adept for conducting their lives. In other words ethics is the study of human behaviour and it is consequences in the tight of what is possible also is define as the social condition necessary for human beings to thrive. Furthermore ethics wisdom is the product of long history and it comes from the reality producing function of the mind (ETHICAL SOCIETY 2012). Ethics provide good tool for individual and ethical thrives are useful in practice and they need effect the way human beings behave. Sometime if two people are disagree or argument, ethics does not provide with the sort of help that they really want (BBC 2014). Moreover (SCU 2010) tested that ethics has to do with what your feelings tells you what is right or wrong, your religious belief and the law require. Furthermore ethics refers to well-founded standard of right or wrong that helps human ought to do and especially in terms of rights, obligations, benefits to society, fairness and specific virtues. Human rights (OHCHR 2014) state that human rights is rights for all human beings, whatever our nationality, place of residence, sex, national, ethnic origin, colour, religion, language or any other status. Human rights based on principles like dignity, fairness, equality, respect and autonomy (EHR 2014) Human Rights Act protects all of us rich, poor, old and young. Furthermore human rights may be used with anyone in the country citizens or foreigners a child and adult. (LIBERTY 2012). The human rights cover many of everyday life ranging from the righto food, shelter, education, health, freedom of thought, religious and expression. Individual who receive care they have right which will help them not to be treated inhuman. They have the right to be treated equally not to be tortured (YHR) for example for the staff to locked an individual with mental health problem in his/her bedroom without any food and drink because he refused personal care. They have got the right not to be treated deliberate (YHR) such as for the staff to leave an individual covered with faeces and urine for long-time and not giving him pressure relief because he have mental illness. Also they have the right to be treated as individual not objects (TELEGRAPH 2010). All patients with mental illness are individual and they are still the same despite their illness (TELEGRAPH 2010).They have the right to be treated with dignity and respect as a human being (MHDH). Dignity is good all the time to the individual whom I take care of because it helps staff to be close with individuals, however, and the individual they will be free to communicate their needs. Patients have the rights to accept or to refuse of treatments. To refuse other treatments like electroshock treatments and insulin shock can causes side effects (MHDH 2014). The Code of practice (1983) describes good practice that all mental health professionals should follow when treating people under Mental Health Act. The patient who is treated against this must be as fully involved in planning treatenents as possible and his wish should be taken into account by the team of mental health professionals responsible for their care in the hospital(MHA 2005) and also he have the rights to involve family members and other carer. In UK care practitioner and other professionals such as nurse they have duty to restrain an individual to protect from harming other individual, staff, visitors and him/herself. Restrain is to stop an individual or to restricting his movements and his liberty. (LTAR 2012). In other words restrain is to stopping a person during something he want to do that may harm them (BBC). I work with individual with dementia and I see many types of restrain from staff. Also all staff are trained to MAPA, DMI, Personal Safety and Restraint for them to manage to restrain patients. The type of restrain which I see are as follows, physical restrain and this involve two to five member of staff holding individual for personal care, transferred him from lounge to quite room and blocking his movement. Table, chair or bed restraining this involve equipment or any furniture to stop an individual to getting out from the chair or his bed, however, this will stop an individual freedom. Medication restrain when the individual is in bad mood, putting others on risk and banging the doors. The staff will tell anyone who is qualified to administrate medication to give him his medication which keep him to be calm. In other places they use verbal restrain this to telling an individual not to do what he want to do nor he is equipment such as hoist, stand aid , elevator and sharp objects disposal bin which is dangerous for him. Covert administration of medicines is a complex issues and involves the administration of a medicine disguised in food or drink to a patient without their knowledge or consent (Haw and Stubbs 2010). Nurses are especially hit hard in this predicaments because they are the ones in direct contact with the patients, and they are the one who administer the medicines. It should be considered, within the appropriate legal frameworks, for patients who lack capacity and should not be undertaken without being discussed between various healthcare professionals and the family or carer of the patients (RCP 2004). Individual are being admitted to the hospital without his will. In other words being sectioned or detained is the authority for admission to the hospital comes from the Mental Health Act not from him. When the individual is detained he forced to take his medication if it is necessary, also when detained you will be in the hospital until you are discharged. (RETHINK) Furthermore individual sectioned if he is unwell and the Mental Health Act will never take this light. The individual has to be suffering from a mental health disorder of a nature or degree which warrants his detention in a hospital for assessment or treatment. (RETHINK) state that the Mental Health Act give the hospital power to treat the individual against their will. As care practitioner it is part of my job role to be able to make individual happy through communication. For what I mention above about restrain it is not for the individual and for human right because staff must find what cause the individual change to his mood. They are lot of things which can make mental health patients to be aggressive, shouting and agitated such as weather, noise environment, staff and depression. (Joseph Fletcher) states that ethics is love and you should always thinking about yourself and you should do the loving thing. It is good to use good communication not physical restrain because physical restrain causes bruises and skin tear to the patient or even death and it is against his will. Communication make good relationship between staff and patients. At my work place I make sure an individual have his hearing aid and glasses before I communicate with him/her. This will help him to understand what I am saying and he give me his answer. I sit the same level with him and this helps eyes contact. I take time to listen to them even he or she is in bad mood and I give them time to explain then after I explain and tell them to calm down in love ways. When I am communicating with them I communicate clear and not length and when he is calm then I take him to a quiet place without restraining nor force. Other staff they do not even tell what they want to do but they just restrain a patient and this will cause him to be in bad mood all the time. They was a patient who died during restraint and he was classed as a high risk patient because he was prone to aggressive towards, other patient ,staff and him. One staff was grabbed him and pulled him down on top of him, however, the staff remained on top of him waiting for the other staff to come .When he came and hold the other arm the patient was not breathing. Communication is a basic human rights .The individual rights are particular important because it is their major way of communicating their needs and preference. If I did not communicate with them they are unable to realise or exercise their rights because they have the right to freedom of expression. According to United Kingdom Law, patients have the right to refuse medication and it is a general legal ,ethical, and professional principle that valid consent must be obtained before any treatments or physical investigation ,or providing personal care for patients(Department of Health 2009). The principle reflect the right of patients to determine what transpires to their own bodies and is an ultimate part of good professional practice and for consent to be valid , it must be given voluntarily by appropriately knowledgeable patients who has the capacity to consent to the intervention in question (DOH 2009). Furthermore Diamond (2011) states that it is important for nurses to act within the law with respect to respect the refusal of treatment and prevent legal action being taken contrary to them. Smith and Roberts (2011) states that, it is important for healthcare professionals to understand the ethical perceptions, legal implications and professional values in order for them to acco untable for their practice (NMC 2010). The use of covert medication should be the last resort, not to be a routine measure, or and unforeseen event should the person not agree to take their medication (MCA 2005). Covert administration of medicine should only be carried out within appropriate legal and best practice frameworks for example ;Mental Health Act, MCA 2005 ,Deprivation of Liberty ,Safeguarding and Human Rights Act. The decision to administer medication covertly must only arise through conclusive evidence of the patient’s inability to comprehend the significance of refusal and in addition it must only be considered in order to save life or to prevent deterioration of health and 0t must be in the patient’s best interest (NMC 2008). However there are certain circumstances in which covert medication could be both legally and ethical justified, providing certain requirements have been encounters .This should be done by first initiating the patient’s lack of consent (MCA 2005), refusal of medication by people with capacity should be respected, failure to do so may amount not only to criminal battery or civil trespass, but also a breach of their human rights. Furthermore (MCA 2005) state that every adults has the capacity and right to make their decisions. According to what (Joseph Fletcher) state that ethics it is love. In addition forcing of medication to the individual with mental health problem without their consent it is love because individual need to be treated their illness to relieve their pain not to deteriorate which lead them to die. Furthermore it is not be love to leave an individual with mental illness untreated. Moreover the individual have mental problem so his brain are not working properly no matter he have capacity or not but he need help. Because medication control their diseases so that he can do his daily activities in placid way. (MHCC 2013) state that people in mental health care should feel confident that physical restraint should be used competently, safely and only as a last resort with minimum force for example a patient cannot leave the hospital because he do not want to stay there for treatment. In addition (MHCC 2013) state that force may be used to achieve this if it necessary and it must be reasonable and proportionate. Furthermore it is ethical to do good to keep someone to survive that is love. References BBC- Introduction to ethics (2014). Ethics: a general introduction. [Online]. Available at: www.bbc.co.uk/ethics//intro_shtml Washington Ethical Society (2012): What does ‘’ethics’’ mean? [Online]. Available at :> www.ethicalsociety.org/article/19/about-wes/ethical-culture-our-religious-heritage/faqs-about-ethics-culture/what-does-ethics-mean Merriam Webster, Ethics definition (2014). [Online]. Available at: http://i.word.com/idictionary//ethics Santa Clara University (2010). [Online]. Available at: http://www.scu.edu/ethics/practicing/decision/whatisethics.html The Human Right Act | Liberty (2012). [Online]. Available at: www.liberty-human-rights.arg.uk/human-rights/what-are-human-rights-acts What are Human Rights (2014).[Online]. Available at: http://www.ohchr.org/en/issues/pages/whatarehumanrights.aspx Your Human Rights A guide for people living with mental health problem. [Online]. Available at: www.bihr.org.uk//bihr_mental-health_problem Equality Human Rights (2014). [Online]. Available at: http://www.equalityhumanrights.com/your-rights/human-rights/what-are-human-rights Rights for NHS patients (2010) now law. [Online]. Available at: www.telegraph.co.uk>..HealthNews Lets talk about restrain- Royal College Nursing (2002). [Online]. Available at: www.rcn.org.uk/_data//003208.pdf The Royal College of Psychiatrists (2014) Statement on being sectioned. Available at :> www.rcpsych.ac.uk/healthadvice/problemdisorders/beingsectionedengland. Nursing and Midwifery Council (2010) Fitness ton practice annual report. [Online]Accessed on 09 April 2014] Available at: http://www.nmc-uk.org/Documents/Annual reports and accounts/ FTPannualReports /NMC FTPANNUALReport2009 2010pfd The Royal College of Psychiatrists (2004) Statement on covert administration of medicines. Psychiatric Bulletin. [Online]. Available at :> http://pbrcpsch.org/cgi/content/full/20/10/385 Nursing and Midwives Council (2008): Covert administration of medicines. Modified June (2012). [Online] Available at: http://www.nmc-uk.org/Nurses-and-midwives/Regulation-in-practice/Medicines-management-and-prescribing/Covert-administration-of -medicines/ Dimond, B., (2011) Legal Aspects of Nursing. London: Longman. Department of Health (2009) Reference guide to consent for Examination or Treatment. 2ND [online]. London. [Accessed on 30 March 2014]. Available at :> http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/PublicationsandStatistics/Publications/PublicationsPolicyAndGuidance/DH-103643 Mental Capacity Act (2005) Code of Practice. The stationery Office. [online] [Accessed on 10 April 2014]. Available at: http://webarchive.nationalrchives.gov.uk/+/http://www.dca.gov.uk/legal-policy/mental-capacity/mca.pdf. Haw, C. and Stubbs, J. (2010) Covert administration of medicine ton older adult: Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing; 17: 761-768 Mental health crisis care: physical restraint in crisis – Mind (2013). [Online]. Available at: www.mind.org.uk//physical_restraint_formentalhealth

Use of Comparative Description in Toni Morrisons The Bluest Eye Essay

Use of Comparative Description in The Bluest Eye  Ã‚      Upon reading The Bluest Eye a second time, I noticed something about the nature of Morrison's prose. The term that I have heard to describe the book most frequently is beautiful. The first chapters strike me as both incredibly realistic, and unbelievably beautiful. The fact that Morrison can give a scene where Claudia is actually throwing up on herself a rosy colored, nostalgic tint, and still manage to convey a sense of realism is a testament to Morrison's skill with words. The language certainly is beautiful, a sort of sensual prose, almost bordering on poetry. I also believe that the style of Morrison's descriptions is a key to understanding the major underlying theme of the novel, which is the association of rac...

alcohol Essay -- essays papers

alcohol Substance abuse and addiction are major problems in society today. Every segment of society, regardless of race, gender, or age is affected. Some of the substances that are used grow naturally, where as others are manufactured illicitly or even legitimately in laboratories. They may be smoked, inhaled, ingested, or injected and used for social, religious, or self-medicating purposes. The substance that are abused include caffeine, nicotine, alcohol, steroids, stimulants, depressants, heroin, ANd cocaine. Substance abuse and dependence were first described as disease process in the 1960s with the introduction of Jellinek’s work on alcoholism. Dependence on alcohol and other drugs is now accepted and is classified as a psychiatric disorder. Substance abuse ranks high among serious health problems. Since 1979 illicit drug use and alcohol consumption have declined, but the widespread use of and dependence on these substance continue. Nicotine, now classified by the Food and Drug Administration as an addictive substance, is linked to more deaths annually than AIDS, cancer, and other substances combined. Alcohol is also a major social problem today. Use and abuse of alcohol are a factor in contributing to injuries and death. The cost of substance abuse is increasing in our society. Lives are lost, and loss of work productivity costs millions of dollars each year. Alcohol is a factor in 40% of all motor vehicle accidents, and alcohol and other drugs are often implicated in boating or athletic accidents. Cost include not only lives lost but also medical care, long-term services to the disabled, and increased insurance rates. Health care cost for clients use alcohol, drugs, and nicotine are estimated to be greater than $160 billion annually. It has been confirmed that there is link between violence and alcohol and other drugs. Alcohol and drugs is a factor in vandalism on college campuses, date rape, sexual assault, and domestic violence. Under the influence of alcohol and drugs, young adults are more likely to engage in unsafe sexual practices, and parents are more likely to abuse their children. Certain factors place some individuals at greater risk than others for the development of abuse and dependence. Biological, psychological, or environmental conditions may predispose a person to the development of a drug or alcohol pr... ...up influence, disciplined drug-free lifestyles; examples include Phoenix House and Day Top Village. Drinking while pregnant can cause serious damage to a new born baby. Dysmorphic Features of FAS include: Microcephaly (small head circumference below 5%) Small palpebral fissures (eye slits) Flat nasal bridge Smooth or indistinct philtrum (ridge above upper lip) Thinned upper lip Flattening of mid-face Others: epicanthal folds, low set or mildly malformed ears Counseling is a useful and effective means it can be administered on an individual basis or in family counseling. Support groups would be another effective mean to support a person with substance-related disorders and their families. There are many groups modeled on the Twelve-Step approach of Alcoholics Anonymous (AA). Other groups include Narcotics Anonymous (NA), Al-Anon, Nar Anon, Children of Alcoholic Parents (CAP), Smokenders, Ala Teen. These are a few of the self help groups that can be contacted in our communities to help those who are abuser or have friends or family members who are abusers. Most of these groups are free of charge and are conducted by people who have abused and are now recovering.

“a Comparative Study of Personal Financial Planning Awareness and Its Degree of Implementation Among Age Groups.”

Abstract Financial planning may mean different things to different people. For one person, it may mean  planning investments  to provide security during retirement. For another, it may mean planning savings and investments to provide money for a dependent's college education. Financial planning may even mean making career-related decisions or choosing the right insurance products. In reality Financial Planning is the process of meeting financial goals through the proper management of finances.It is generally seen that people have a misconception that financial planning is about saving more and spending less but that is not the case, it is more about saving the right amount so that future goals can be met. The objective of financial planning is * To ensure that the right amount of money is available in right hands at right point of time in the future to achieve the desired goals and objectives. It * Provides direction and meaning to your financial decisions. * It allows you to und erstand how each financial decision you make affects other areas of your finances. Financial planning and investments can be undertaken by anyone with a clear assessment of one's inflow of funds and the goals that need to be achieved from time to time. Keywords: Financial planning, wealth management, investment instruments, real estate Introduction Financial planning is achieving your financial goals in the most efficient manner. The broad areas of financial planning include  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ | | | 1. 2. | Investment planning  -Your wealth will only grow over time if you have invested it in assets. Investment planning  deals with the kind of investments an individual should invest in to get the best out of his wealth.Financial StatementsIn this the risk and return profiling of an individual is done based on his life stage, spending requirements with respect to his income and wealth, time horizon and liquidity requirements and various individual specific constraints. Investment Plannin g is important because it helps you to derive the maximum benefit from your investments. | Cash flow planning  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ In simple terms, cash flow refers to the inflow and outflow of money. It is a record of your income and expenses. Though this sounds simple, very few people actually take time out to find out what comes in and what goes out of their hands each month.Cash flow planning refers to the process of identifying the major expenditures in future (both short-term and long-term) and making planned investments so that the required amount is accumulated within the required time frame. Cash flow planning is the first thing that should be done prior to starting an investment exercise, because only then will you be in a position to know how your finances look like, and what is it that you can invest without causing a strain on yourself. It will also enable you to understand if a particular investment matches with your flow requirement| | | 3. Retirement planning  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Reti rement planning means making sure you will have enough money to live on after retiring from work. Retirement should be the best period of your life, when you can literally sit back and relax or enjoy your life by reaping benefits of what you earn in so many years of hard work. But it is easier said than done. To achieve a hassle-free retired life, you need to make prudent investment decisions during your working life, thus putting your hard-earned money to work for you in future. Planning for retirement is as important as planning your career and marriage.Life takes its own course and from the poorest to the wealthiest, no one gets spared. We get older every day, without realizing. However, we assume that old age is never going to touch us. The future depends to a great extent on the choices you make today. Right decisions with the help of proper financial planning, taken at the right time will assure smile and success at the time of retirement. Retirement Planning acquires added im portance because of the fact that though longevity has increased, the number of working years haven't. |   | 4. Tax planning  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Tax evasion is illegal but tax minimization is legal. Thus you can reduce your tax liability by planning effectively. With proper tax planning you can increase your after tax income. |   | 5. | Children future planning- It is essential to plan for the future of your children. The purpose of Children's Future Planning is to create a corpus for foreseeable expenditures such as those on higher education and wedding and to provide for an adequate security cover during their growing years. Savings alone is no longer enough.For ensuring adequate funding of your child's education, you as a parent need to invest appropriate amount systematically and at regular intervals to provide for a financial security to cover any casualties. |   | 6. | Insurance planning  -Insurance Planning is concerned with ensuring adequate coverage against insurable risks. Calculating the right level of risk cover require considerable expertise. Proper Insurance Planning can help you look at the possibility of getting a wider coverage for the same amount of premium or the same level of coverage for the same amount of premium or the same level of coverage for a reduced premium.Insurance, simply put, is the cover for the risks that we run during our lives. Insurance enables you to live your lives to the fullest, without worrying about the financial impact of events that could hamper it. In other words, insurance protects you from the contingencies. So insurance planning is very important. |   | 7. | Estate planning- Every individual acquires a considerable amount of estate during his lifetime which after his death or during his lifetime is transferred to either his heirs or to institutions or to charities.Planning this transfer in the most efficient way is termed as Estate planning. | Who requires financial planning and how is it different from wealt h management Almost everyone requires  financial planning. As the old adage goes-If one is failing to plan, they are surely planning to fail. Good and thoughtful  investment planning  is the cornerstone of an individual's good financial health. Although similar fundamentally, Financial planning defers as compared with wealth management.Wealth management though similar to  financial planning  is dissimilar in the sense that To do wealth management a considerable amount of wealth is required. Financial planning on the other hand is required by everybody as it deals with planning related to achieve financial goals in the most effective manner. It is wise to seek expert advice from professionals such as a financial planning expert because in the attempt to save on the fees, you could end up with poor financial information and decisions that can prove disastrous for family funds.In the case of the working individual, insufficient or random saving for retirement can lead to a re duced lifestyle later, while in the case of the businessman, poorly managed tax preparation could culminate in unexpected tax debt and a loss of carefully accumulated wealth. Most popular Investment Avenues in India 1. Public Provident Fund 2. Life Insurance Policy 3. Housing Property 4. National Saving Certificate 5. Gold& Precious stones 6. Equity 7. Fixed Deposit 8. Mutual Fund 9. Systematic Investment Plan 10. Exchange Traded funds Source : Economic Times. Objective: 1.Spread awareness about personal financial planning among individuals. 2. To know the degree of financial planning awareness and its implementation by individual. 3. To know the most popular investment instrument among individuals Conceptual framework Financial Planning is all about preparing a sequence of action steps to achieve a specific financial goal. A financial plan is a roadmap to achieve your life's financial goals. It is like a map, where you can always see how much you have progressed towards your projec ted financial goal and how far you are from your destination.Financial planning is a process consisting of the following activities- | * Assessing present assets and resources to understand the current situation| | * Setting objectives- Both in terms of returns and risks | | * Determining constraints and financial planning areas like Taxes, Legalities, time horizon, liquidity, unique circumstances | | * Determining appropriate plan and strategy to achieve financial goals. | | * Evaluating the plan in a timely manner. | | * Adjusting and modifying the plan if change in conditions. | Review of LiteratureElaine King, discussed that you should identify your senior parent’s core values and priorities (i. e. financial lifestyle and potential health care costs) and proactively plan to integrate them seamlessly into your multigenerational family’s financial objectives. He also discussed know who your aging parent’s physicians, financial planners, and legal and tax profe ssionals are, and become well-versed in the advice and information your parents are receiving. Who should make financial, legal, and medical decisions for your elderly parents, if they are no longer capable of handling their own affairs?Tim Sobolewski, CFP ® said that Choosing a financial planner is as important as choosing a doctor or lawyer; it's a very personal relationship. In addition to competency, a financial planner should have integrity, trust and a commitment to ethical behavior and high professional standards. You want a planner who puts your needs and interests first. Jessie Foster, Lincoln Financial Advisors, Where does the Money Go? Said that many people would rather do anything else than attempt to understand or set a budget for themselves and their families. The standard advice from most inancial planners when it comes to budgeting is to â€Å"spend less and save more†. But for most families this is easier said than done, no matter what their income level. A nd exactly what do we mean by â€Å"spend less†, less on what? Most people do not even know where their money goes never mind where to cut back Doug Lennick provides a simple and clear four-step method, known as the 4Rs, for making wise financial and life decisions based on your core values. When you find yourself in a highly charged event, such as the Dow Jones plummeting, rash decisions often follow-like selling out your entire stock portfolio at record lows!Madhu Sinha has explained Financial Planning is meant for lay investors, financial planners and students pursuing courses on financial planning. It simplifies financial mathematics to enable an investor map financial goals that she would like to achieve. The book includes solved problems on retirement planning and over 350 questions and answers on time value of money. Besides theses, it dwells on mutual funds and other investment products that are currently available. The book also discusses the process of constructing and revising a financial plan on the basis of an investor's financial goals.STEPHEN’S states some things that financial planning consist of is investments, insurance, credit cards, scholarships, tuition, and housing. Investments are basically a method of putting money away in the expectation that it will grow into a larger amount. Insurance is a form risk management used to negate the risk of loss in which the provider covers the monetary loss of an object in the case of an event in exchange for a premium paid by the customer. Research MethodologyThe main investigation of the study is to identify the degree of awareness about financial planning and how many people are actually doing financial planning for achieving their financial goals. The study covers both primary and secondary data . Primary data is collected by distributing questionnaire to the individuals ; secondary data collected from various journals, articles, websites This is an empirical study based on survey meth od. The techniques of questionnaires, discussion, interviews and observations were followed to obtain the required information.All the selected individuals were given the questionnaire to get the information their financial standings. A questionnaire containing a set of 18 questions have been distributed among the individuals who are working with the IT firms in Pune. The study is conducted within the Pune specifically in and around Hinjewadi area. The respondents were particularly in the age group of 30-4o years and are higher middle class people. Hypothesis 1. Individual is aware about personal financial planning and is implementing the same. 2.Life Insurance plans are most popular among the investors. 3. Fixed Deposits are most popular among the investors. 4. Wills are current of Individuals 5. Individuals take professional help for their financial planning. Findings: 1) All the 50 respondents were in the age group of 30-40years which falls in accumulation stage and needs strong financial planning. Among them 70% of them wanted to retire in 15 years and 27% wanted to retire in 20 years and only 3% wanted to retire after 20 years. 2) Majority of the respondents i. e. 0% of them didn’t knew how much they would require at the time of retirement and only 10% of them had a exact calculation of how much they would require. 3) 5% of the respondents are taking professional help for their financial planning. 4) Almost everyone was aware about all the avenues available in the market. But only 60% of the people are investing only in Real estate, gold, Life insurance and Fixed deposits. 5) Most popular investment options among the investors are as follows most popular follow by least popular from top to bottom: a. Real estate . Public Provident Fund c. Life insurance d. Fixed Deposit e. National Saving Certificate f. Gold g. Mutual fund h. Equity i. Systematic investment plan j. Exchange traded funds 6) 95% of the respondents have not done a will and 100% of the m have a home loan with home loan insurance as it is mandatory by the housing loan providing banks. 7) 60% of the people have an additional insurance cover over and above the cover provided by its employers. All these 60% i. e. 30 respondents have a term plan. 8) None of the individual interviewed had made their Will.Conclusion Awareness of available financial products is high in the target population. However, a number of factors — including a series of high-profile scams, detrimental practices of advisors with a short-term view and the lack of a strong investor protection environment — have contributed to investor insecurity. This is the primary reason why the targeted respondents are taking a myopic view towards investments, largely discarding the option of long-term investments and personal retirement planning unless offered as an additional tax savings instrument.The most popular investment avenue is real estate among the respondents especially a residential house , as it gives a huge capital appreciation and also a considerable rental income, in additional there is limited risk associated to it. Barring few bad years, property prices in India have been moving upwards. Moreover, loan taken on a residential property has a tax deduction. And the second most popular investment avenue is PPF as it is mandatory to have PPF account and employer’s contribution too. Scope of the Study for Further Study 1. Subject matter is related to the investor’s approach towards various investment objectives. . People of age between 30-40 (accumulation stage) 3. Whole Pune Area 4. Demographics include names, age, qualification, occupation, marital status and annual income. Limitations of the Study No study is free from limitations. The limitations of this study can be: * Sample size taken is small and may not be sufficient to predict the results with 100% accuracy. * The result is based on primary and secondary data that has its own limitations. * Th e study only covers the area of Pune that may not be applicable to other areas. Suggestions 1.It is suggested to individual to inculcate the habit of financial planning as soon as one starts earning 2. Every individual interviewed was suggested to look into various investment avenues apart from conservation investment options like PPF, FD, and Residential property. 3. Individuals are suggested to take professional help to set and evaluate the financial goals, this will help them to set goals practically and know the proper way to achieve them 4. Individuals were also guided not to fall prey to financial consultants. They should do their through study before making any investment decision. 5.Individual were suggested to make their will and fill the form for nomination for each investment. Biblography 1. Sreekant V, CFPCM,Managing Partner, Sabarigiri Institute The Third Inevitable:Impact of Inflation on Financial Planning, 2008 2. Akhilesh Tilotia, CFPCM,Director, Director, PARK Finan cial Advisors Pvt. Ltd. Why should you think long term? 2008 3. Elaine King, CFP ®, CDFATM  and Philip Herzberg, CFP ®, AEP ®, MSF  Financial Parenting for Young Adults 4. Elaine King, CFP ®, CDFAâ„ ¢, and Philip Herzberg, CFP ®, MSF Financial Planning for Your Family’s Well-being 2010 5. Tim Sobolewski, CFP ®, How to Choose a Financial Adviser 2011 . Financial Planners Association, Build a Solid Financial Plan! August 2009 7. Jessie Foster, Lincoln Financial Advisors, Where does the Money Go? August 20, 2012 8. Lisa Holton, The Encyclopeidia of Finanicail Plannning FPA Press p24 9. Financial Intelligence: How to Make Smart, Values-Based Decisions with Your Money and Your Life Doug Lennick FPA, p82 10. Madhu Sinha Financial Planning McGrawHill Education 11. Stacie Zoe Berg, The Unofficial Guide to Managing Your Personal Finances, Wiley p210 12. Consumer Panel Research Paper: March 2006 Financial Services Consumer Panel, p36 13.Agshe, Anil, (2009), â€Å"Fi nancial Service, Market ; Regulation† 1st edition, Himalaya Publishing House, Mumbai. 14. 8. Mishkin, Fredric, (2011), â€Å"Financial Market ; Institution†, 6th edition, Pearson Education, New Jersey. 15. Pradian, Punithavathy, (2009), â€Å"Financial Services ; Market†2nd edition, Vikas Publishing House, Noida, India. 16. Raja rajan (1997,1998) high lightened segmentation of investors on the basis of their characteristics, investment size, and the relationship between stage in life cycle of the investors and their investment pattern. References 1. http://www. kotaksecurities. om/university/ 2. http://www. fpanet. org/ToolsResources/ArticlesBooksChecklists/ 3. http://www. fpanet. org/ToolsResources/ArticlesBooksChecklists/Articles/FinancialPlanning/ 4. http://financial-planning. stsd. wikispaces. net/ 5. http://economictimes. indiatimes. com/ 6. http://www. financialexpress. com/ 7. http://wealth. moneycontrol. com/ Annexure A This questionnaire is solely for th e research purpose and personal information will be treated highly confidential. We strictly follow do not disturb policy. If you do not want to disclose any of the personal information that is fully acceptable.Questionnaire 1) Please check the range below which includes your age: under 30 30-39 40-49 2) Which of the following best describes your current employment situation? Please choose one: Full-time Homemaker Part-time Temporary Unemployed Retired Working Student 3) Please indicate which of the following includes your annual personal income, before taxes: Under INR 5,00,000 INR 5 – 12 LAKHS INR 12 – 18 LAKHS Over INR 18 LAKHS 4) In how many years do you plan to retire? I am retired 15 years 20 years More than 20 years 5) Have you planned for retirement YES NO ) Do you know how much you need after retirement per annum? 6 Lakhs 12 Lakhs 18 Lakhs 24 Lakhs 7) Are you saving for retirement? Yes No 8) Which investment instruments are you aware of? Life Insurance Policy Equity MF Real Estate ETF FD Gold; Precious stones NSC SIP MF Real estate 9) In which of the following instruments you invest for retirement? FD Pension Plans LIC Health Insurance Real Estate Precious Metals and Stones Any other (please Specify) 10) Can you give a % wise break up of investments from above investment instruments? Life Insurance policy NSC Equitydebt InstrumentsMF SIP Real estate Real Estate ETF Gold and silver 11) Do you take a professional help for your financial planning? Yes No 12) Have you started investing in children’s education plan? Yes No 13) Have you done the will? No Yes Thinking 14) Do you have a home loan? Yes No 15) Is your home loan insurance covered? Yes No Partly 16) Does your company give you insurance cover? Yes No 17) Do you hold additional personal Life insurance cover apart from what company provides you? YES NO 18) Which insurance do u hold? Term plan   Life Insurance policy ULIP Name : (optional) Organization Name: (optional)

A pocket guide celtic wales

The CeltsThe Celts are normally associated with Ireland ; nevertheless they did non arise from the island state, nor were they confined to that individual country. The first people to hold the same cultural traits originated in Northern Italy around 400 BC. These people finally created an imperium that spanned across Europe. Harmonizing to archeologists, the Celts originally migrated from Asia Minor into Western Europe, sometime during the Bronze Age, and so began to distribute across the continent. Most people lived in small towns which were all linked together by a larger cardinal town which acted as a topographic point for meeting and to carry oning concern. Along the normally traveled roads, there were both shrines and bastioned metropoliss erected for travellers. The Celts were a non-literate society that passed-on their civilization and history through unwritten tradition. The lone written record of the Celts can be found on coins or written records from ancient writers ; nevertheless these records are frequently inaccurate due to the fact that they were frequently written when the Celts came into cultural competition with the Greeks and Romans, where they were frequently branded as savages. The world is that the Celts physical characteristics, frock, and civilised manner of life were frequently admired. Women by and large stood taller that most Roman citizens, and upon making the proper age, immature adult females would get down have oning their hair in intricate plaits and would have on intricately embroidered frocks, frequently plaid in form. This plaid form was found in both adult females and work forces ‘s vesture along with gold and Ag watchbands and rings which were worn by the wealthy. The Gaelic work forces would frequently sp ike their hair and turn out their face funguss ; in some folks so would even tattoo their weaponries and even their face with bluish ink. The Celtic society was a hierarchy based system which was divided into three groups: The Warrior Aristocracy, the Intellectual Class made up of poets, legal experts and the Druids, and so everyone else ; nevertheless these three groups were farther divided into sub-groups. The society was based on affinity and what tribe the individual belonged to. One ‘s ethnicity was chiefly derived from a larger group called a Tuath, but finally one ‘s kin or Cenedl. Much like the packs of today, disputes between persons would ensue in a difference between the kins that the persons belonged to. It was the occupation of the legal expert, known as Brithem, to intercede these differences between kins. Within Celtic society adult females held a high function. Often adult females would really take part in conflict as warriors and some even held places of power within the kins. Even though most constructs of the Gaelic people are that of ferocious warriors, batting with painted faces, half bare, and ready to take on any enemy that crossed their way, this was non needfully the instance. The Celts were a really superstitious and spiritual society, which is frequently incorporated with the images of Druids. This image of Merlin projecting charming enchantments and turning his friends into cunning animate beings is the â€Å" Disney † version of Gaelic civilization. This image ignores the true bloodiness of the Celtic civilization which included human forfeit by fire or boiling the victim alive. Until Rome became a Christian imperium, the Celtic imperium in Gaul practiced the tradition of nailing the caputs of their conquered enemies to their doors. There are two theories on the beginning of the Celtic faith ( known as Druidism ) . One theory is that the faith spread as the Celts migrated west across Europe, conveying their faith with them. The other theory is that the faith really began in the British Isles, where Druids were trained in their faith and so be sent back into Europe to distribute Druidism. This faith was nature based, which is known today as â€Å" Earth Spirituality † . It is thought that there were three different categories of Druids ; the differences believe to be that of their degree of preparation and different maps. There of class was the Druid, so the Bard and so the Ovate. These Druids did non merely map as spiritual leaders, but they besides held places as Judgess, and it is besides believed that there are ArchDruids who had control over huge countries, really similar to Christianity ‘s Archbishops. Another of import portion of Celtic life was the festivals held throughout their 13 month lunar calendar. Because of the uneven figure of months, they would frequently add yearss as the terminal of the twelvemonth as â€Å" clip between times † . During their twelvemonth they had a sum of four festivals tied to their agricultural rhythms. The first of their festivals took topographic point on what is now October 31st to November 1st. This festival known as Samhain and celebrates the terminal of the crop, the beginning of a new Gaelic twelvemonth and a jubilation of the dead. During this vacation it was believed that the infinite between the human universe and the spirit word thinned ; so work forces would run with torches around their houses to guard off evil liquors. The following festival was held on February 1st to the 2nd, which is now the modern twenty-four hours Groundhog Day. This festival is known as Imbolc. It is simple and merely celebrates the beginning of spring fo r the Celts. The 3rd jubilation of the twelvemonth was held from April 30th to May 1st and was known as Beltane. This festival celebrates birthrate and is now known as May Day. The celebrations normally included kids running about a pole with ruddy and white thread and picking flowers. Finally, a elephantine balefire is lit to observe the return of the Sun to the land. The concluding jubilation of the Gaelic twelvemonth was known as Lughnasadh and took topographic point July 31st to August 1st and celebrated the beginning of the crop. Besides the festivals that dealt with the agricultural twelvemonth, the Celts besides had four jubilations for the equinoxes and the solstices. The first jubilation was known as Alban Arthuan, which translates to Light of Arthur, and was the festival of the winter solstice. This festival, much like other winter solstice jubilations everyplace, celebrated the return of the Sun after the shortest twenty-four hours of the twelvemonth. The following jubilation was known as Alban Eiler, which translates to Light of the Earth, and celebrated the youthful equinox. Not merely did the Celts observe the balance of twenty-four hours and dark but they besides believed that it was the balance between their universe and the spirit universe, therefore believing that this twenty-four hours had the most possible for thaumaturgy. The 3rd jubilation was known as Alban Heruin and was the jubilation of summer solstice. The Celts observed this vacation by playing games and holding field daies. The concluding jubilation is known as Alban Elued, translated to Light of the Water, is the jubilation of the Autumn Equinox, and like the youthful equinox , it was believed to be a clip where thaumaturgy was possible. One can evidently state that farming played a big function in the lives of the Gaelic people. The Celts of the Iron Age Britain chiefly farmed in settled communities, where the people would be given to their farms and farm animal. Archaeological grounds shows that there were besides pastoral husbandmans, but non about every bit many as settled farms. In both Southern and Eastern Britain, big subdivisions of land were used for farming. Here they grew harvests such as maize, herbs, roots and wheat. The Celts grew different types of wheat such as oats, rye, barley and millet ( Evidence of their dependance on grain can be found on ancient Gaelic British coins with the word picture of antediluvian grain on them ) and like the grain silos of today ; famers in Celtic Britain used belowground cavities to hive away grain and other excess harvests. These cavities were normally lined with wood and recent archeological digs have revealed that it was common for husbandmans to go forth offerings t o the Gods at the underside of these cavities, assumedly to guarantee a successful crop. The Celts of Britain besides had a system of forming land for farming which could be traced back to the Bronze Age. This organisation is seen chiefly in the layout of fencings on a big graduated table. Gaelic Britain was one of the larger agricultural communities and is where the first regular rectangular farm Fieldss were introduced. Later in the Iron Age ( about 100 B.C. ) woods and woodland countries began to be cleared to be used as farming area. Not merely were the Celts one of the first civilizations to clear forest for agriculture, but they were one of the first civilizations to successfully use the Fe plough. Crop cultivation was non the lone signifier of subsistence know in Celtic Britain ; Pastoral agriculture was the other common agricultural system of the Celts ( besides the most of import ) , normally practiced in portion with harvest cultivation. In Gaelic civilization the more cowss a adult male owned, the wealthier he was. The nonextant Celtic Shorthorn was the cowss of pick for the Celts, utilizing them both for their milk and butchering some for their beef, which was the chief meat eaten of the clip. This system in which cowss represented wealth, a alone act came into pattern known as Cattle foraies, which is the act of stealing another adult male ‘s cowss. Often these foraies would move as turn outing evidences for immature Celtic warriors looking to turn out themselves. The Celts besides raised sheep ; non for meat but to maintain alive to utilize their wool, and one time the sheep had become old they would be butchered for mouton. Another animate being the ancient Celts of Britain domesticated was the hog. It was smaller than a modern twenty-four hours domesticated hog and was a cross between a wild Sus scrofa and a Tamworth hog. They raised these animate beings purely for the intent of supplying jambon, sausage and bacon. In the Gaelic civilization there were three chief groups that all shared the same civilization ; The Celts of Britain, the Celts of Ireland and the Celts of Gaul. Even though they were 100s of stat mis apart they all shared the same cultural traits. 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